関: Xanthium

WordNet

any coarse weed of the genus Xanthium having spiny burrs (同)cockle-bur, cockleburr, cockle-burr
coarse herbs having small heads of greenish flowers followed by burrs with hooked bristles (同)genus Xanthium

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/28 16:37:35」(JST)

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Xanthium (cocklebur) is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower tribe within the daisy family, native to the Americas and eastern Asia.^[4]^[1]^[3]

Description

Cockleburs are coarse, herbaceous annual plants growing to 20–47 inches (51–119 cm) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, with deeply toothed margins. Some species, notably Xanthium spinosum, are also very thorny with long, slender spines at the leaf bases.^[5]

The flower heads are of two types; One, in short terminal branches, produces only pollen. The other, in clusters in the axils of the leaves, produces seed.^[5]

Unlike many other members of the family Asteraceae, whose seeds are airborne with a plume of silky hairs resembling miniature parachutes, cocklebur seeds are produced in a hard, spiny, globose or oval double-chambered, single-seeded bur 0.32–0.79 inches (0.81–2.01 cm) long. It is covered with stiff, hooked spines, which sticks to fur and clothing and can be quite difficult to extract. These burs are carried long distances from the parent plant during seed dispersal by help of animals (zoochorous).^[6]

Biology

Cockleburs are short-day plants, meaning they only initiate flowering when the days are getting shorter in the late summer and fall, typically from July to October in the Northern Hemisphere. They can also flower in the tropics where the daylength is constant.

Diversity

Over 200 names have been proposed for species, subspecies, and varieties within the genus. Most of these are regarded as synonyms of highly variable species. Some recognize as few as two or three species in the genus. The Global Compositae Checklist recognizes the following

Accepted Species^[1]

Xanthium albinum (Widd.) Scholz & Sukopp - Mongolia
Xanthium argenteum Widder - Chile
Xanthium catharticum Kunth - Chile, Bolivia, Argentina
Xanthium cavanillesii Shouw - Argentina
Xanthium inaequilaterum DC. - China, India, Southeast Asia
Xanthium orientale L. - Europe, North Africa, Middle East
Xanthium pungens Wallr. - Australia; naturalized in Eurasia
Xanthium saccharosum
Xanthium spinosum L. - spiny cocklebur, burreed, Bathurst burr - very widespread, nearly cosmopolitan
Xanthium strumarium L. - clotbur, rough cocklebur, large cocklebur, common cocklebur - very widespread, nearly cosmopolitan

formerly included^[1]

see Ambrosia

Xanthium artemisioides - Ambrosia arborescens
Xanthium fruticosum - Ambrosia arborescens

Toxicity and uses

The common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a native of North America where in the now extinct Carolina parakeet once fed on the seeds. It has become an invasive species worldwide. It invades agricultural lands and can be poisonous to livestock, including horses, cattle, and sheep. Some domestic animals will avoid consuming the plant if other forage is present, but less discriminating animals, such as pigs, will consume the plants and then sicken and die. The seedlings and seeds are the most toxic parts of the plants. Symptoms usually occur within a few hours, producing unsteadiness and weakness, depression, nausea and vomiting, twisting of the neck muscles, rapid and weak pulse, difficulty breathing, and eventually death.

The plant also has been used for making yellow dye, hence the name of the genus (Greek xanthos = 'yellow'). The many species of this plant, which can be found in many areas, may actually be varieties of two or three species. The seed oil is edible.

Xanthium strumarium is known as cang er zi (苍耳子) in traditional Chinese medicine. Xanthium is also used to treat nasal and sinus congestion.^[7]

The spines and seeds of this fruit are rich in a chemical called carboxyatractyloside (CAT), formerly referred to as xanthostrumarin, which is the chemical that is responsible for most of the adverse effects from the use of cang er zi. CAT has been shown to be a growth inhibitor in Xanthium and other plants, serving two functions, delaying seed germination and inhibiting the growth of other plants. Most of the chemical is concentrated in the spines. When the bur is prepared as an herbal remedy, the spines are usually removed, reducing the CAT content of the finished product.^[8]

Gallery

X. strumarium
X. italicum
X. spinosum
X. albinum

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
^ lectotype designated by J.P. Fourreau, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2 17: 110 (1869)
^ ^a ^b Tropicos, Xanthium L.
^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 987 in Latin
^ ^a ^b Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 19, Lampourde, Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 424. 1754.
^ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 4, 6, 852, 875 苍耳属 cang er shu Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753.
^ English, J. (2010). "Natural Allergy Relief". Nutrition Review 4 (2). Retrieved 2012-01-03.
^ Cutler, H. G. and R. J. Cole. (1983). Carboxyatractyloside: A compound from Xanthium strumarium and Atractylis gummifera with plant growth inhibiting properties. Journal of Natural Products 46(5) 609-13.

English Journal

Optimization of xanthatin extraction from Xanthium spinosum L. and its cytotoxic, anti-angiogenesis and antiviral properties.

Romero M1, Zanuy M2, Rosell E3, Cascante M2, Piulats J3, Font-Bardia M4, Balzarini J5, De Clerq E5, Pujol MD6.
European journal of medicinal chemistry.Eur J Med Chem.2015 Jan 27;90:491-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.060. Epub 2014 Dec 1.
The aqueous extraction of the sesquiterpene lactone xanthatin from Xanthium spinosum L. favours the conversion of xanthinin (1) to xanthatin (2) via the loss of acetic acid. The cytotoxic (Hep-G2 and L1210 human cell lines) and antiviral activities of isolated xanthatin are established. This natural
PMID 25481815

Phytoaccumulation of heavy metals in natural plants thriving on wastewater effluent at hattar industrial estate, pakistan.

Irshad M1, Ahmad S, Pervez A, Inoue M.
International journal of phytoremediation.Int J Phytoremediation.2015;17(2):154-8. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2013.862208.
The objective of this research was to compare the potential of native plants for the phytoaccumulation of heavy metals (HM). Thirteen predominant plant species (including trees, bushes and grasses) namely Ricinus communis, Ipomoea carnea, Cannabis sativa, Parthenium hysterophorus, Acacia nilotica, D
PMID 25254600

Biomimetic synthesis: discovery of xanthanolide dimers.

Shang H1, Liu J, Bao R, Cao Y, Zhao K, Xiao C, Zhou B, Hu L, Tang Y.
Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English).Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.2014 Dec 22;53(52):14494-8. doi: 10.1002/anie.201406461. Epub 2014 Nov 27.
Starting from xanthatin, the biomimetic synthesis of 4β,5β-epoxyxanthatin-1α,4α-endoperoxide, a novel monomeric xanthanolide, has been achieved. Moreover, four unprecedented xanthanolide dimers were synthesized by three different dimerizations of xanthatin, either in a head-to-head or head-to-ta
PMID 25430055

Japanese Journal

オナモミの実の喉頭異物例

楯谷智子,北村溥之,高北晋一,岩橋由佳,河田恭孝,宮崎眞和,牛尾信也
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 94(4), 359-362, 2001-04-01
… The patient was a 67 year-old-male who accidentally inhaled a fruit of cocklebur (Xanthium canadense) into the larynx. …
NAID 10010229114

Structure of Antibacterial Substance in Extract of Cocklebur Leaves Used for Preparation of Wheat-Koji (qu) Described in the Chinese Classic "Chi-min-yao-shu" and Its Effect on Growth of Bacteria and Yeasts

KANAUCHI Makoto,SHIBANO Tomoko,SHINDO Hitoshi,SUZUKI Masaharu,KAKUTA Toshitaka,YOSHIZAWA Kiyoshi,KOIZUMI Takeo
Food science and technology research 5(4), 323-326, 1999-11-01
… In our previous publications, we have reported that extract of cocklebur containsan antibacterial substance. … Therefore, the inhibitory effect exhibited by xanthatin from cocklebur leaf extract against Bacillus sp. …
NAID 130000061962

『斎民要術』に記載される麹のモデル製麹時におけるオナモミの葉の熱水抽出液の役割

金内誠,進藤斉,鈴木昌治,角田潔和,吉澤淑,小泉武夫
日本醸造協会誌 = Journal of the Brewing Society of Japan 93(11), 910-915, 1998-11-15
NAID 10029398579

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Xanthium」「オナモミ」

「Xanthium」

cocklebur
	Xanthium strumarium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Tribe:	Heliantheae
Genus:	Xanthium; L.
Type species
	Xanthium strumarium; L.
Synonyms
	Xanthium sect. Euxanthium DC.; Acanthoxanthium (DC.) Fourr.; Xanthium sect. Acanthoxanthium DC.;

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オナモミ属、キサンチウム属、Xanthium属

関: cocklebur

「オナモミ」

　　[★]

英: cocklebur
関: オナモミ属

[g-1] Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist

[2] totype designated by J.P. Fourreau, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2 17: 110 (1869)

[n-3] Tropicos, Xanthium L.

[4] Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 987 in Latin

[r-5] Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 19, Lampourde, Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 424. 1754.

[6] Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 4, 6, 852, 875 苍耳属 cang er shu Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753.

[7] English, J. (2010). "Natural Allergy Relief". Nutrition Review 4 (2). Retrieved 2012-01-03.

[8] Cutler, H. G. and R. J. Cole. (1983). Carboxyatractyloside: A compound from Xanthium strumarium and Atractylis gummifera with plant growth inhibiting properties. Journal of Natural Products 46(5) 609-13.

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cocklebur