関: cocklebur

WordNet

coarse herbs having small heads of greenish flowers followed by burrs with hooked bristles (同)genus Xanthium
any coarse weed of the genus Xanthium having spiny burrs (同)cockle-bur, cockleburr, cockle-burr

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/14 12:30:25」(JST)

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Xanthium (cocklebur) is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower tribe within the daisy family, native to the Americas and eastern Asia.^[4]^[1]^[3]

Description

Cockleburs are coarse, herbaceous annual plants growing to 20–47 inches (51–119 cm) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, with deeply toothed margins. Some species, notably Xanthium spinosum, are also very thorny with long, slender spines at the leaf bases.^[5]

The flower heads are of two types; One, in short terminal branches, produces only pollen. The other, in clusters in the axils of the leaves, produces seed.^[5]

Unlike many other members of the family Asteraceae, whose seeds are airborne with a plume of silky hairs resembling miniature parachutes, cocklebur seeds are produced in a hard, spiny, globose or oval double-chambered, single-seeded bur 0.32–0.79 inches (0.81–2.01 cm) long. It is covered with stiff, hooked spines, which sticks to fur and clothing and can be quite difficult to extract. These burs are carried long distances from the parent plant during seed dispersal by help of animals (zoochorous).^[6]

Biology

Cockleburs are short-day plants, meaning they only initiate flowering when the days are getting shorter in the late summer and fall, typically from July to October in the Northern Hemisphere. They can also flower in the tropics where the daylength is constant.

Diversity

Over 200 names have been proposed for species, subspecies, and varieties within the genus. Most of these are regarded as synonyms of highly variable species. Some recognize as few as two or three species in the genus. The Global Compositae Checklist recognizes the following

Accepted Species^[1]

Xanthium albinum (Widd.) Scholz & Sukopp - Mongolia
Xanthium argenteum Widder - Chile
Xanthium catharticum Kunth - Chile, Bolivia, Argentina
Xanthium cavanillesii Shouw - Argentina
Xanthium inaequilaterum DC. - China, India, Southeast Asia
Xanthium orientale L. - Europe, North Africa, Middle East
Xanthium pungens Wallr. - Australia; naturalized in Eurasia
Xanthium saccharosum
Xanthium spinosum L. - spiny cocklebur, burreed, Bathurst burr - very widespread, nearly cosmopolitan
Xanthium strumarium L. - clotbur, rough cocklebur, large cocklebur, common cocklebur - very widespread, nearly cosmopolitan

formerly included^[1]

see Ambrosia

Xanthium artemisioides - Ambrosia arborescens
Xanthium fruticosum - Ambrosia arborescens

Toxicity and uses

The common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a native of North America where in the now extinct Carolina parakeet once fed on the seeds. It has become an invasive species worldwide. It invades agricultural lands and can be poisonous to livestock, including horses, cattle, and sheep. Some domestic animals will avoid consuming the plant if other forage is present, but less discriminating animals, such as pigs, will consume the plants and then sicken and die. The seedlings and seeds are the most toxic parts of the plants. Symptoms usually occur within a few hours, producing unsteadiness and weakness, depression, nausea and vomiting, twisting of the neck muscles, rapid and weak pulse, difficulty breathing, and eventually death.

The plant also has been used for making yellow dye, hence the name of the genus (Greek xanthos = 'yellow'). The many species of this plant, which can be found in many areas, may actually be varieties of two or three species. The seed oil is edible.

Xanthium strumarium is known as cang er zi (苍耳子) in traditional Chinese medicine. Xanthium is also used to treat nasal and sinus congestion.^[7]

The spines and seeds of this fruit are rich in a chemical called carboxyatractyloside (CAT), formerly referred to as xanthostrumarin, which is the chemical that is responsible for most of the adverse effects from the use of cang er zi. CAT has been shown to be a growth inhibitor in Xanthium and other plants, serving two functions, delaying seed germination and inhibiting the growth of other plants. Most of the chemical is concentrated in the spines. When the bur is prepared as an herbal remedy, the spines are usually removed, reducing the CAT content of the finished product.^[8]

Gallery

X. strumarium
X. italicum
X. spinosum
X. albinum

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
^ lectotype designated by J.P. Fourreau, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2 17: 110 (1869)
^ ^a ^b Tropicos, Xanthium L.
^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 987 in Latin
^ ^a ^b Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 19, Lampourde, Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 424. 1754.
^ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 4, 6, 852, 875 苍耳属 cang er shu Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753.
^ English, J. (2010). "Natural Allergy Relief". Nutrition Review 4 (2). Retrieved 2012-01-03.
^ Cutler, H. G. and R. J. Cole. (1983). Carboxyatractyloside: A compound from Xanthium strumarium and Atractylis gummifera with plant growth inhibiting properties. Journal of Natural Products 46(5) 609-13.

English Journal

An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Wana district south Waziristan agency, Pakistan.

Ullah M, Khan MU, Mahmood A, Malik RN, Hussain M, Wazir SM, Daud M, Shinwari ZK.Author information Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan.AbstractETHNOMEDICINAL RELEVANCE: Medicinal plants are treasure of any region for ailment treatment. The present research work was focused to document the indigenous knowledge of unexplored area of Wana, South Waziristan Agency, Pakistan. This was the very first study, to explore the potential ethno-medicinal plants of study area.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2013 Dec 12;150(3):918-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.032. Epub 2013 Oct 10.
ETHNOMEDICINAL RELEVANCE: Medicinal plants are treasure of any region for ailment treatment. The present research work was focused to document the indigenous knowledge of unexplored area of Wana, South Waziristan Agency, Pakistan. This was the very first study, to explore the potential ethno-medicin
PMID 24120747

Modulation of COX, LOX and NFκB activities by Xanthium spinosum L. root extract and ziniolide.

Bader A, Giner RM, Martini F, Schinella GR, Ríos JL, Braca A, Prieto JM.Author information Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.AbstractXanthium spinosum L. (Asteraceae) is a medicinal weed distributed worldwide. Many of its diverse ethnopharmacological uses - namely diarrhoea, inflammation, liver disorders, snake bite and fever - are linked - at least in part - to an uncontrolled release of arachidonic acid metabolites. The crude extract of X. spinosum roots from Jordanian origin dose-dependently inhibited the 5-LOX (IC50 is approximately equal to 10 μg/mL), COX-1(IC50 is approximately equal to 50 μg/mL), and 12-LOX (IC50 is approximately equal to 170 μg/mL) enzymatic pathways in intact pro-inflammatory cells. A direct activity at the level of PLA2 is not probable, but the extract induced the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory eicosanoid 15(S)-HETE, which may in turn inhibit this enzyme. 5-LOX bioguided fractionation of the crude extract led to the isolation of ziniolide, a known 12,8-guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone, from the hydro-alcoholic fraction of the n-hexane extract (IC50=69 μM). Both the plant extract and ziniolide are in vitro inhibitors of the phorbol-induced NFκB activation, a key regulator of the arachidonic pathway.
Fitoterapia.Fitoterapia.2013 Dec;91:284-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.09.015. Epub 2013 Oct 1.
Xanthium spinosum L. (Asteraceae) is a medicinal weed distributed worldwide. Many of its diverse ethnopharmacological uses - namely diarrhoea, inflammation, liver disorders, snake bite and fever - are linked - at least in part - to an uncontrolled release of arachidonic acid metabolites. The crude e
PMID 24090994

Concerted Suppression of STAT3 and GSK3β Is Involved in Growth Inhibition of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Xanthatin.

Tao L, Fan F, Liu Y, Li W, Zhang L, Ruan J, Shen C, Sheng X, Zhu Z, Wang A, Chen W, Huang S, Lu Y.Author information Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.AbstractXanthatin, a sesquiterpene lactone purified from Xanthium strumarium L., possesses prominent anticancer activity. We found that disruption of GSK3β activity was essential for xanthatin to exert its anticancer properties in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), concurrent with preferable suppression of constitutive activation of STAT3. Interestingly, inactivation of the two signals are two mutually exclusive events in xanthatin-induced cell death. Moreover, we surprisingly found that exposure of xanthatin failed to trigger the presumable side effect of canonical Wnt/β-Catenin followed by GSK3β inactivation. We further observed that the downregulation of STAT3 was required for xanthatin to fine-tune the risk. Thus, the discovery of xanthatin, which has ability to simultaneously orchestrate two independent signaling cascades, may have important implications for screening promising drugs in cancer therapies.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Nov 28;8(11):e81945. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081945.
Xanthatin, a sesquiterpene lactone purified from Xanthium strumarium L., possesses prominent anticancer activity. We found that disruption of GSK3β activity was essential for xanthatin to exert its anticancer properties in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), concurrent with preferable suppression o
PMID 24312384

Japanese Journal

Inhibition of Melanogenesis by Xanthium strumarium L.

Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 76(4), 767-771, 2012-04-23
NAID 10030751858

Karyotype Analysis in 2 Morphological Forms of Xanthium strumarium L.

Cytologia : international journal of cytology 76(4), 483-488, 2011-12-25
NAID 10030119865

イガオナモミ地上部より数種の化合物の単離と同定

一関工業高等専門学校研究紀要 -(46), 1-5, 2011-12
NAID 40019336290

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「オナモミ属」「キサンチウム属」「cocklebur」
拡張検索	「Xanthium属」

「オナモミ属」

cocklebur
	Xanthium strumarium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Tribe:	Heliantheae
Genus:	Xanthium; L.
Type species
	Xanthium strumarium; L.
Synonyms
	Xanthium sect. Euxanthium DC.; Acanthoxanthium (DC.) Fourr.; Xanthium sect. Acanthoxanthium DC.;

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ラ: Xanthium
関: オナモミ、Xanthium属、キサンチウム属

「キサンチウム属」

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ラ: Xanthium
関: オナモミ属、Xanthium属

「cocklebur」

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オナモミ

関: Xanthium

「Xanthium属」

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ラ: Xanthium
関: オナモミ属、キサンチウム属

[g-1] Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist

[2] totype designated by J.P. Fourreau, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2 17: 110 (1869)

[n-3] Tropicos, Xanthium L.

[4] Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 987 in Latin

[r-5] Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 19, Lampourde, Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 424. 1754.

[6] Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 4, 6, 852, 875 苍耳属 cang er shu Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753.

[7] English, J. (2010). "Natural Allergy Relief". Nutrition Review 4 (2). Retrieved 2012-01-03.

[8] Cutler, H. G. and R. J. Cole. (1983). Carboxyatractyloside: A compound from Xanthium strumarium and Atractylis gummifera with plant growth inhibiting properties. Journal of Natural Products 46(5) 609-13.

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Xanthium