海岸、沿岸

関: beach、coastal

WordNet

move effortlessly; by force of gravity
a slope down which sleds may coast; "when it snowed they made a coast on the golf course"
the area within view; "the coast is clear"
land on a beach; "the ship beached near the port"
an area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake
of or relating to a coast; "coastal erosion"
located on or near or bordering on a coast; "coastal marshes"; "coastal waters"; "the Atlantic coastal plain"
highly variable often shrubby evergreen oak of coastal zone of western North America having small thick usually spiny-toothed dark-green leaves (同)California live oak, Quercus agrifolia

PrepTutorEJDIC

『海岸』,沿岸;海岸地域 / 《the C-》《話》(米国の)太平洋岸[地方],西海岸(West Coast) / (そりなどで滑る)斜面;斜面滑降 / (そりなどで)斜面を滑降する《+『along』》;(…を)滑降する《+『along』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉らくらくと(…を)する《+『through』+『名』》 / 海岸沿いに航行する / …‘の'海岸沿いに航行する
『浜』,海岸 / 海水浴場 / 〈ボートなど〉'を'浜に引き上げる
海岸の,沿岸の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/26 06:13:59」(JST)

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[Wiki ja表示]

この項目では、陸と海が接する部分について説明しています。その他の用法については「海岸 (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。

日本南端の海岸来間島の長間浜

磯の海岸（千葉県鴨川市）

フィリピン共和国バタンガス州ナスグブ町の海岸

海岸（かいがん）とは、陸が海に接する部分のこと。海辺（うみべ）、渚・沚（なぎさ）、汀（みぎわ）、水際（みずぎわ・すいさい）などともいう。

概要

海により形成された陸地部分を指すが、陸と海との境界は海岸線（かいがんせん）と呼ばれる。汀線（ていせん）ともいう。海面は潮汐とともに上下し、潮差の大きい地方では、1日のうちでも周期的に大きく変動する。満潮時の境界線を高潮海岸線または満潮汀線とよび、普通地形図で用いられる。干潮時の海岸線は低潮海岸線あるいは干潮汀線とよんで、通常海図に描かれる。海岸線は、波による侵食、堆積作用、地殻運動による隆起と沈降、海水準変化などによってその位置が変化しやすい^[1]^[2]。

海岸の地形をその成因により分類すると沈水海岸と離水海岸に分けることが出来る。海岸の気候は海洋性気候である。

沈水海岸

沈降により、相対的に海面が上昇したものを沈水海岸という。

河川などによって削られた地形に海が入り込むために、海岸付近で急激に深くなったり、岸近くに思わぬ暗礁があったりと海岸線が複雑になることが多い。海岸は硬い岩石からなり、岩石が露出し、山地が海岸に迫る。このような海岸は岩礁海岸や磯浜海岸とよばれ、一般には磯（いそ）とも呼ばれる。地形ではリアス式海岸や多島海、フィヨルド、三角江、断層海岸などがこれに分類される。例として三陸海岸や瀬戸内海、スカンディナビア半島のフィヨルド地帯が挙げられる。

離水海岸

逆に海底が隆起し、相対的に海面が下降したものが離水海岸である。

海岸線は平坦、遠浅で、海岸は地層が凝固していない砂からなる砂浜海岸となることが多い。地形では沿岸州、潟湖（ラグーン）、砂州・砂嘴、砂丘、陸繋島・トンボロ（陸繋砂州）、海岸平野や海岸段丘・海食崖・海食棚（波食台）がこれに分類される。例として千葉県九十九里浜、鹿児島県吹上浜などが挙げられる。

中立海岸

海面の変化に影響されないものを中性海岸という。デルタ海岸や干潟、珊瑚礁などがこれに分類される。他に埋立地などの人工海岸も現在では少なくない。

海岸の環境と生物

海岸にはたくさんの生物がすんでいるが、それらの生物は潮の満ち引き具合、海岸の底質（干潟・砂・岩礁）、食物の分布などに応じて細かくすみわけている。岩礁の場合、水準によって岩の上に付着する生物が違うため、帯状分布が観察しやすい。

海岸の生物の生息場所を表す方法のひとつとして、潮の満ち引きによる区分がある。満潮時の海岸線を満潮線、干潮時の海岸線を干潮線とよび、海岸をその2つの線で区切ると以下3つの地帯ができる。

潮上帯

満潮線より上の地帯で、いつも陸上となる部分。飛沫帯（ひまつたい）ともいう。ふつうの植物は塩分に弱いので海岸から距離を置く必要があり、植物が生えきれない砂浜や岩場は乾燥が激しい。よってここには乾燥と潮風に耐えうる生物だけが生息できる。

潮間帯

満潮線と干潮線の間の地帯で、1日のうちに陸上になったり海中になったりする部分を潮間帯という。河川や海水が無機塩類を運搬するうえ潮が引くと日光がよく当たる。生物にとって栄養と太陽光は充分だが、日射や降水によって塩分濃度や温度が急激に変わり、また強い波浪にも対応する必要がある。よってここには環境の変化に強い生物が多い。干潮時に海水が残る部分を潮だまりといい、生物の生活の上では重要である。

潮下帯

干潮線より下の地帯で、いつも海中となる部分。生物にとっては安定した環境だが、干潮線の直下などでは強い波浪に対応する必要がある。

海岸の型

生物にとっての海岸は、その地形や条件によって異なり、それは地理的な分類とはまた異なっている。また、どの生物を中心に考えるかによっても、見方が違う場合がある。

岩礁海岸・一般に言われる磯では、生物の多様性が高く、様々な動植物の観察に適している。
砂浜は、底質が単調で固定していないだけに、生物の多様性は必ずしも高くないが、独特の生物が見られる。砂の隙間には間隙性生物が生息し、陸側には海浜植物が見られる。
内湾や河口の風や波あたりの弱いところは、細かい泥が堆積する。干潮時には広い泥質の底面が空気にさらされる。このような環境を干潟という。干潟では主として海産の生物が生息する。干潟の陸側では、淡水の影響があって一部の陸生植物が進入する。このような場所を、陸生植物の側から見たときに塩性湿地とよぶ。熱帯ではここにマングローブが成立する。

海岸の利用と保護

消波ブロックを使用した海岸保護の一例

雁木による護岸

海岸は美しい景観をしていることが多く、観光名所となっている場所がある。日本では、天橋立・三陸海岸・東尋坊などがある。眺めるだけではなく、海水浴場としてレジャーに使われるところもある。
海岸は港として利用されるほか、海岸付近の土地利用が進んだ場合には埋め立て地となり、工業地帯や空港などが建設されることもある。
現在は自然の力や周辺部の開発、海岸が浸食されている所もある。そのような所では消波ブロック（テトラポッド）の設置などにより、侵食を防ぐ処置が行われている。
ダムや砂防ダムなどの建設による河川からの土砂供給そのものの減少により、浸食が進み養浜が行われる場所も存在する。
海洋投棄された廃棄物や貨物船の事故などにより流れ出た積載物や重油などが海岸を汚染することも問題視されている。

脚注

[ヘルプ]

^ 「かいがん‐せん【海岸線】」大辞泉
^ 豊島吉則「海岸線（かいがんせん）」日本大百科全書（小学館）

参考文献

外部リンク

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Rugged coastline of the West Coast Region of New Zealand

A coastline or a seashore is the area where land meets the sea or ocean,^[1] or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake.^[2] A precise line that can be called a coastline cannot be determined due to the Coastline paradox.

The term "coastal zone" is a region where interaction of the sea and land processes occurs.^[3] Both the terms coast and coastal are often used to describe a geographic location or region; for example, New Zealand's West Coast, or the East and West Coasts of the United States.

A pelagic coast refers to a coast which fronts the open ocean, as opposed to a more sheltered coast in a gulf or bay. A shore, on the other hand, can refer to parts of the land which adjoin any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore). Similarly, the somewhat related term "bank" refers to the land alongside or sloping down to a river (riverbank) or to a body of water smaller than a lake. "Bank" is also used in some parts of the world to refer to an artificial ridge of earth intended to retain the water of a river or pond; in other places this may be called a levee.

While many scientific experts might agree on a common definition of the term "coast", the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to jurisdiction, with many scientific and government authorities in various countries differing for economic and social policy reasons. According to the UN atlas, 44% of people live within 150 kilometres (93 miles) of the sea.^[4]

1 Formation
2 Environmental importance
3 Human impacts
- 3.1 Human uses of coasts
- 3.2 Threats to a coast
- 3.3 Conservation
4 Types of coast
5 Coastal landforms
- 5.1 Cliff erosion
- 5.2 Coastal features formed by sediment
- 5.3 Coastal features formed by another feature
- 5.4 Other features on the coast
6 Coastal processes
7 Wildlife
- 7.1 Animals
- 7.2 Plants
8 Coastline statistics
- 8.1 Coastline problem
- 8.2 Measuring a coastline
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links

Formation

Atlantic rocky coastline, showing a surf area. Porto Covo, west coast of Portugal

Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deprossosition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however, tidal bores can erode as the waves surge up river estuaries from the ocean.^[5]

Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy; the larger the wave the more energy it releases and the more sediment it moves. Coastlines with longer shores have more room for the waves to disperse their energy, while coasts with cliffs and short shore faces give little room for the wave energy to be dispersed. In these areas the wave energy breaking against the cliffs is higher, and air and water are compressed into cracks in the rock, forcing the rock apart, breaking it down. Sediment deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and is moved along the coastline by the waves. This forms an abrasion or cliffed coast.

Sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amount of sediment located on a coastline.^[6] Today riverine deposition at the coast is often blocked by dams and other human regulatory devices, which remove the sediment from the stream by causing it to be deposited inland.

Like the ocean which shapes them, coasts are a dynamic environment with constant change. The Earth's natural processes, particularly sea level rises, waves and various weather phenomena, have resulted in the erosion, accretion and reshaping of coasts as well as flooding and creation of continental shelves and drowned river valleys (rias).

Environmental importance

Somalia has the longest coastline in Africa

The coast and its adjacent areas on and off shore are an important part of a local ecosystem: the mixture of fresh water and salt water in estuaries provides many nutrients for marine life. Salt marshes and beaches also support a diversity of plants, animals and insects crucial to the food chain.

The high level of biodiversity creates a high level of biological activity, which has attracted human activity for thousands of years.

Human impacts

Human uses of coasts

The Coastal Hazard Wheel system published by UNEP for global coastal management

A settled coastline in Marblehead, Massachusetts. Once a fishing port, the harbor is now dedicated to tourism and pleasure boating. Observe that the sand and rocks have been darkened by oil slick up to the high-water line.

This stretch of coast in Tanzania's capital Dar es Salaam serves as a public waste dump.

Houses close to the coast, like these in Tiburon, California, may be especially desirable properties.

View of sea coast from top of a hill at Visakhapatnam in India

More and more of the world's people live in coastal regions.^[7] Many major cities are on or near good harbors and have port facilities. Some landlocked places have achieved port status by building canals.

The coast is a frontier that nations have typically defended against military invaders, smugglers and illegal migrants. Fixed coastal defenses have long been erected in many nations and coastal countries typically have a navy and some form of coast guard.

Coasts, especially those with beaches and warm water, attract tourists. In many island nations such as those of the Mediterranean, South Pacific and Caribbean, tourism is central to the economy. Coasts offer recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, surfing, boating, and sunbathing. Growth management can be a challenge for coastal local authorities who often struggle to provide the infrastructure required by new residents.

Threats to a coast

Coasts also face many human-induced environmental impacts. The human influence on climate change is thought to contribute to an accelerated trend in sea level rise which threatens coastal habitats.

Pollution can occur from a number of sources: garbage and industrial debris; the transportation of petroleum in tankers, increasing the probability of large oil spills; small oil spills created by large and small vessels, which flush bilge water into the ocean.

Fishing has declined due to habitat degradation, overfishing, trawling, bycatch and climate change. Since the growth of global fishing enterprises after the 1950s, intensive fishing has spread from a few concentrated areas to encompass nearly all fisheries. The scraping of the ocean floor in bottom dragging is devastating to coral, sponges and other long-lived species that do not recover quickly. This destruction alters the functioning of the ecosystem and can permanently alter species composition and biodiversity. Bycatch, the capture of unintended species in the course of fishing, is typically returned to the ocean only to die from injuries or exposure. Bycatch represents about a quarter of all marine catch. In the case of shrimp capture, the bycatch is five times larger than the shrimp caught.

It is believed that melting Arctic ice will cause sea levels to rise and flood costal areas.

Conservation

Extraordinary population growth in the 21st century has placed stress on the planet's ecosystems. For example, on Saint Lucia, harvesting mangrove for timber and clearing for fishing reduced the mangrove forests, resulting in a loss of habitat and spawning grounds for marine life that was unique to the area. These forests also helped to stabilize the coastline. Conservation efforts since the 1980s have partially restored the ecosystem.

Types of coast

According to one principle of classification, an emergent coastline is a coastline which has experienced a fall in sea level, because of either a global sea level change, or local uplift. Emergent coastlines are identifiable by the coastal landforms, which are above the high tide mark, such as raised beaches. In contrast, a submergent coastline is one where the sea level has risen, due to a global sea level change, local subsidence, or isostatic rebound. Submergent coastlines are identifiable by their submerged, or "drowned" landforms, such as rias (drowned valleys) and fjords.

According to a second principle of classification, a concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. These rock types are usually of varying resistance, so the coastline forms distinctive landforms, such as coves. Discordant coastlines feature distinctive landforms because the rocks are eroded by ocean waves. The less resistant rocks erode faster, creating inlets or bays; the more resistant rocks erode more slowly, remaining as headlands or outcroppings.

Other coastal categories:

A cliffed coast or abrasion coast is one where marine action has produced steep declivities known as cliffs.
A flat coast is one where the land gradually descends into the sea.
A graded shoreline is one where wind and water action has produced a flat and straight coastline.

Coastal landforms

Coastal landforms. The feature shown here as a bay would, in certain (mainly southern) parts of Britain, be called a cove. That between the cuspate foreland and the tombolo is a British bay.

The following articles describe some coastal landforms

Bay
Cape
Cove

Gulf
Headland
Peninsula

Cliff erosion

Much of the sediment deposited along a coast is the result of erosion of a surrounding cliff, or bluff. Sea cliffs retreat landward because of the constant undercutting of slopes by waves. If the slope/cliff being undercut is made of unconsolidated sediment it will erode at a much faster rate then a cliff made of bedrock.^[6]
A natural arch is formed when a sea stacks is eroded through by waves.
Sea caves are made when certain rock beds are more susceptible to erosion than the surrounding rock beds because of different areas of weakness. These areas are eroded at a faster pace creating a hole or crevasse that, through time, by means of wave action and erosion, becomes a cave.
A stack is formed when a headland is eroded away by wave and wind action.
A stump is a shortened sea stack that has been eroded away or fallen because of instability.
Wave-cut notches are caused by the undercutting of overhanging slopes which leads to increased stress on cliff material and a greater probability that the slope material will fall. The fallen debris accumulates at the bottom of the cliff and is eventually removed by waves.
A wave-cut platform forms after erosion and retreat of a sea cliff has been occurring for a long time. Gently sloping wave-cut platforms develop early on in the first stages of cliff retreat. Later the length of the platform decreases because the waves lose their energy as they break further off shore.^[6]

Coastal features formed by sediment

Beach
Beach cusps

Cuspate foreland
Dune system
Mudflat
Raised beach

Ria
Shoal
Strand plain

Spit
Surge channel
Tombolo

Coastal features formed by another feature

Lagoon
Salt marsh

Other features on the coast

Concordant coastline
Discordant coastline

Fjord
Island

Island arc
Machair

Coastal processes

The following articles describe the various geologic processes that affect a coastal zone:

Attrition
Currents
Denudation
Deposition
Erosion
Flooding

Longshore drift
Saltation
Sea level change
- eustatic
- isostatic

Sedimentation
Coastal sediment supply
- sediment transport
- solution
- subaerial processes
- suspension

Tides
Water waves
- diffraction
- refraction
- wave breaking
- wave shoaling
Weathering

Wildlife

Animals

Some of the animals live along a typical coast. There are animals like puffins, sea turtles and rockhopper penguins. Sea snails and various kinds of barnacles live on the coast and scavenge on food deposited by the sea. Most coastal animals are used to humans in developed areas, such as dolphins and seagulls who eat food thrown for them by tourists. Since the coastal areas are all part of the littoral zone, there is a profusion of marine life found just off-coast.

There are many kinds of seabirds on the coast. Pelicans and cormorants join up with terns and oystercatchers to forage for fish and shellfish on the coast. There are sea lions on the coast of Wales and other countries.

Plants

Coastal areas are famous for their kelp beds. Kelp is a fast-growing seaweed that grows up to a metre a day. Corals and sea anemones are true animals, but live a lifestyle similar to that of plants. Mangroves, seagrasses and salt marsh are important coastal vegetation types in tropical and temperate environments respectively.

Coastline statistics

Coastline problem

Shortly before 1951, Lewis Fry Richardson, in researching the possible effect of border lengths on the probability of war, noticed that the Portuguese reported their measured border with Spain to be 987 km, but the Spanish reported it as 1214 km. This was the beginning of the coastline problem, which is a mathematical uncertainty inherent in the measurement of boundaries that are irregular.^[8]

The prevailing method of estimating the length of a border (or coastline) was to lay out n equal straight-line segments of length ℓ with dividers on a map or aerial photograph. Each end of the segment must be on the boundary. Investigating the discrepancies in border estimation, Richardson discovered what is now termed the Richardson Effect: the sum of the segments is inversely proportional to the common length of the segments. In effect, the shorter the ruler, the longer the measured border; the Spanish and Portuguese geographers were simply using different-length rulers.

The result most astounding to Richardson is that, under certain circumstances, as ℓ approaches zero, the length of the coastline approaches infinity. Richardson had believed, based on Euclidean geometry, that a coastline would approach a fixed length, as do similar estimations of regular geometric figures. For example, the perimeter of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle approaches the circumference with increasing numbers of sides (and decrease in the length of one side). In geometric measure theory such a smooth curve as the circle that can be approximated by small straight segments with a definite limit is termed a rectifiable curve.

Measuring a coastline

More than a decade after Richardson completed his work, Benoit Mandelbrot developed a new branch of mathematics, fractal geometry, to describe just such non-rectifiable complexes in nature as the infinite coastline.^[9] His own definition of the new figure serving as the basis for his study is:^[10]

I coined fractal from the Latin adjective fractus. The corresponding Latin verb frangere means "to break:" to create irregular fragments. It is therefore sensible ... that, in addition to "fragmented" ... fractus should also mean "irregular."

A key property of the fractal is self-similarity; that is, at any scale the same general configuration appears. A coastline is perceived as bays alternating with promontories. In the hypothetical situation that a given coastline has this property of self-similarity, then no matter how greatly any one small section of coastline is magnified, a similar pattern of smaller bays and promontories superimposed on larger bays and promontories appears, right down to the grains of sand. At that scale the coastline appears as a momentarily shifting, potentially infinitely long thread with a stochastic arrangement of bays and promontories formed from the small objects at hand. In such an environment (as opposed to smooth curves) Mandelbrot asserts^[9] "coastline length turns out to be an elusive notion that slips between the fingers of those who want to grasp it."

There are different kinds of fractals. A coastline with the stated property is in "a first category of fractals, namely curves whose fractal dimension is greater than 1." That last statement represents an extension by Mandelbrot of Richardson's thought. Mandelbrot's statement of the Richardson Effect is:^[11]

where L, coastline length, a function of the measurement unit, ε, is approximated by the expression. F is a constant and D is a parameter that Richardson found depended on the coastline approximated by L. He gave no theoretical explanation but Mandelbrot identified D with a non-integer form of the Hausdorff dimension, later the fractal dimension. Rearranging the right side of the expression obtains:

where Fε^-D must be the number of units ε required to obtain L. The fractal dimension is the number of the dimensions of the figure being used to approximate the fractal: 0 for a dot, 1 for a line, 2 for a square. D in the expression is between 1 and 2, for coastlines typically less than 1.5. The broken line measuring the coast does not extend in one direction nor does it represent an area, but is intermediate. It can be interpreted as a thick line or band of width 2ε. More broken coastlines have greater D and therefore L is longer for the same ε. Mandelbrot showed that D is independent of ε.

Notes

^ "Coast". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ The Merriam-Webster Dictionary Internet edition. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
^ Nelson, Stephen A. (2007). "Coastal Zones". Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ "UN Atlas". Retrieved 31 October 2013.
^ Davidson (2002), p.421.
^ ^a ^b ^c Easterbrook (1999).
^ Goudarzi, Sara (July 18, 2006). "Flocking to the Coast: World's Population Migrating into Danger". Live Science. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
^ Ashford, Oliver M.; Charnock, H.; Drazin, P. G. et al., eds. (1993). "The Collected Papers of Lewis Fry Richardson:". 1, Meteorology and numerical analysis. Cambridge University Press (CUP) Archive. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0-521-38297-1. |chapter= ignored (help).
^ ^a ^b Mandelbrot (1983) page 28.
^ Mandelbrot (1983), page 1.
^ Mandelbrot (1983), pages 29–31.

References

Burke, Lauretta A.; Kura, Yumiko; Kassem, Ken; Revenga, Carmen; Spalding, Mark; McAllister, Don (2001). Hutter, Carolynne, ed. "Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems". World Resources Institute. ISBN 978-1-56973-458-2. |chapter= ignored (help)
Davidson, Jon P.; Reed, Walter E.; Davis, Paul M. (2002). Exploring Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc. ISBN 978-0-13-018372-9.
Easterbrook, Don J. (1999). Surface Processes and Landforms (2 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc. ISBN 978-0-13-860958-0.
Haslett, Simon K. (2009). Coastal Systems (2nd Edition). introduction to environment. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-44060-8.
Mandelbrot, Benoit B.. "II.5 How long is the coast of Britain?". The Fractal Geometry of Nature. Macmillan. pp. 25–33. ISBN 978-0-7167-1186-5.

External links

"Wild Coast USA". Sierra Club. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
"Data Explorer". NOAA's National Ocean Service. Retrieved 2008-12-11.

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1. 卵巣過剰刺激症候群の予防 prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
2. 臨床微生物学レビュー：血液および組織の寄生虫 clinical microbiology review blood and tissue parasites
3. ヘロイン吸入による白質脳症（chasing the dragon） leukoencephalopathy due to heroin inhalation chasing the dragon
4. HIV関連末梢神経障害の疫学、臨床症状、診断、および治療 epidemiology clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of hiv associated peripheral neuropathy
5. 腸炎ビブリオ感染症 vibrio parahaemolyticus infections

English Journal

A PCR-free electrochemical method for messenger RNA detection in cancer tissue samples.

Islam MN1, Gopalan V2, Haque MH2, Masud MK3, Hossain MSA4, Yamauchi Y5, Nguyen NT6, Lam AK2, Shiddiky MJA7.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2017 Dec 15;98:227-233. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.051. Epub 2017 Jun 27.
PMID 28688308

SSRIs antidepressants in marine mussels from Atlantic coastal areas and human risk assessment.

Silva LJG1, Pereira AMPT2, Rodrigues H2, Meisel LM3, Lino CM2, Pena A2.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2017 Dec 15;603-604:118-125. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.076. Epub 2017 Jun 23.
PMID 28623788

Mortality risk among older Australians hospitalised with hip fracture: a population-based matched cohort study.

Lystad RP1, Cameron CM2, Mitchell RJ3.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2017 Dec;12(1):67. doi: 10.1007/s11657-017-0359-7. Epub 2017 Jul 19.
PMID 28726112

National health insurance subscription and maternal healthcare utilisation across mothers' wealth status in Ghana.

Ameyaw EK1, Kofinti RE2, Appiah F3.
Health economics review.Health Econ Rev.2017 Dec;7(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s13561-017-0152-8. Epub 2017 Apr 26.
PMID 28444572