cloister

WordNet

surround with a cloister; "cloister the garden"
a courtyard with covered walks (as in religious institutions)
seclude from the world in or as if in a cloister; "She cloistered herself in the office"
surround with a cloister, as of a garden
providing privacy or seclusion; "the cloistered academic world of books"; "sat close together in the sequestered pergola"; "sitting under the reclusive calm of a shade tree"; "a secluded romantic spot" (同)reclusive, secluded, sequestered
of communal life sequestered from the world under religious vows (同)cloistral, conventual, monastic, monastical

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(修道院・大学などの中庭を囲んだ)回廊,柱廊 / 修道院;修道院の生話 / 屋根のある通路,アーケード / …'を'修道院に閉じ込める / …'を'静かな所に隔離する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/09 15:34:17」(JST)

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Cloister at Salisbury Cathedral.

A cloister (from Latin claustrum, "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cathedral or church, commonly against a warm southern flank,^[1] usually indicates that it is (or once was) part of a monastic foundation, "forming a continuous and solid architectural barrier... that effectively separates the world of the monks from that of the serfs and workmen, whose lives and works went on outside and around the cloister."^[2]

Cloistered (or claustral) life is also another name for the monastic life of a monk or nun in the enclosed religious orders; the modern English term enclosure is used in contemporary Catholic church law translations^[3] to mean cloistered, and some form of the Latin parent word "claustrum" is frequently used as a metonymic name for monastery in languages such as German.^[4]

Historically, the early medieval cloister had several antecedents, the peristyle court of the Greco-Roman domus, the atrium and its expanded version that served as forecourt to early Christian basilicas, and certain semi-galleried courts attached to the flanks of early Syrian churches.^[5] Walter Horn suggests that the earliest coenobitic communities, which were established in Egypt by Saint Pachomius, did not result in cloister construction, as there were no lay serfs attached to the community of monks, thus no separation within the walled community was required; Horn finds the earliest prototypical cloisters in some exceptional^[6] late fifth-century monastic churches in southern Syria, such as the Convent of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, at Umm-is-Surab (AD 489), and the colonnaded forecourt of the convent of Id-Dêr,^[7] but nothing similar appeared in the semieremitic Irish monasteries' clustered roundhouses nor in the earliest Benedictine collective communities of the West.^{[citation needed]}

In the time of Charlemagne the requirements of a separate monastic community within an extended and scattered manorial estate created this "monastery within a monastery" in the form of the locked cloister, an architectural solution allowing the monks to perform their sacred tasks apart from the distractions of laymen and servants.^[8] Horn offers as early examples Abbot Gundeland's "Altenmünster" of Lorsch abbey (765–74), as revealed in the excavations by Frederich Behn;^[9] Lorsch was adapted without substantial alteration from a Frankish nobleman's villa rustica, in a tradition unbroken from late Roman times. Another early cloister, that of the abbey of Saint-Riquier (790–99), took a triangular shape, with chapels at the corners, in conscious representation of the Trinity.^[10] A square cloister sited against the flank of the abbey church was built at Inden (816) and the abbey of St. Wandrille at Fontenelle (823–33). At Fulda, a new cloister (819) was sited to the liturgical west of the church "in the Roman manner"^[11] familiar from the forecourt of Old St. Peter's Basilica because it would be closer to the relics.

The Romanesque cloister of Santo Domingo de Silos, Spain
Cloister of Saint-Michel de Grandmont Priory (Languedoc-Roussillon, France)
Cloister of the former Cistercian Eberbach Abbey, Germany

Notes

^ Walter Horn, "On the Origins of the Medieval Cloister" Gesta 12.1/2 (1973:13–52) p. 13.
^ Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, s.v. "Cloister"
^ The Code of Canon Law, Canon 667 ff. English translation copyright 1983 The Canon Law Society Trust [1]
^ Cf. German Kloster.
^ Horn 1973 gives these sources.
^ The normal Syrian monastery plan was an open one, Horn observes.
^ Horn 1973, plans, figs 9 and 10
^ Horn pp 40ff.
^ When Lorsch was rebuilt on a neighboring site by Abbot Richbold (784–804) the cloister was made a perfect square, against the south flank of the new church, precisely as in the plan of St. Gall (Horn 1973:44, figs 43ab, 45).
^ Horn 1973:43 and fig 42ab.
^ Vita Eigili, the life of Abbot Eigil.

External links

The Code of Canon Law, cf canons 667 ff.
New Advent Encyclopaedia III ff. on "Nuns, properly so called
"Cloister" in the New Advent encyclopaedia
New Advent Encyclopaedia on "Religious Life
Photos and information on cloisters in France, Italy and Spain

English Journal

Isotopic examination of links between diet, social differentiation, and DISH at the post-medieval Carmelite Friary of Aalst, Belgium.

Quintelier K, Ervynck A, Müldner G, Van Neer W, Richards MP, Fuller BT.Author information Flanders Heritage Agency, Koning Albert II laan 19 bus 5, B-1210, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.AbstractStable isotope ratios (δ(13) C and δ(15) N) were measured in human burials from the post-medieval (16th-18th c. AD) Carmelite friary burial grounds at Aalst, a town in Flanders, Belgium. Dietary patterns of 39 adult individuals were analyzed, from a mixed monastic and lay population buried in three different locations, reflecting groups with differing social status. The data show significant variation in the consumption of perhaps meat, but certainly also marine protein between females and males. This result represents a remarkable continuity with medieval dietary patterns, suggesting that the social and economic changes of the early modern period had a limited effect on everyday life. When both sexes were examined together, individuals buried in the cloister garth consumed significantly less marine protein compared to people buried in the church, likely reflecting social stratification. No statistical differences were observed between isotopic values from the church and the cloister alley, suggesting a similarly diverse diet of the monastic part of the buried population and that of the richer lay population. Finally, the hypothesis that diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is linked to a diet rich in animal protein was tested. No systematic or statistically significant differences between pathological and non-pathological bones from the same individuals affected with DISH were observed, and no statistical differences were found between individuals with DISH and individuals without DISH. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:203-213, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
American journal of physical anthropology.Am J Phys Anthropol.2014 Feb;153(2):203-13. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22420. Epub 2013 Nov 14.
Stable isotope ratios (δ(13) C and δ(15) N) were measured in human burials from the post-medieval (16th-18th c. AD) Carmelite friary burial grounds at Aalst, a town in Flanders, Belgium. Dietary patterns of 39 adult individuals were analyzed, from a mixed monastic and lay population buried in thre
PMID 24226894

[The beginnings of the nursing profession : the complementary relationship between secular caregivers and hospital nuns in France in the 17th and 18th centuries].

Diebolt E.Author information e.diebolt@noos.frAbstractThe words used for designating the caregivers are ambiguous. Little by little, the word "nurse" becomes widely used, mainly in the feminine form due to the need of specialized staff. Health care structures are developing in the 17th and 18 centuries, the remains of which you can find in today hospitals (Salpêtrière hospital, Hôtel-Dieu hospital in Paris). The government of Louis XIV cares for the poor sick people, the vagabonds and the beggars. It opens new general hospitals as it will be the case later in all Europe. In the 17th century, the staff of the general hospital in Paris is entirely secular. The Paris general hospital is headed by the magistrates of Paris Parliament. The healthcare institutions employ both secular and religious staff for example the Hotel Dieu in Paris and the one in Marseilles. In the 17th century, there are 2000 secular caregivers in France. The order of the "Filles de la Charité" (grey sisters) is not submitted to the rule of enclosure. They renew their vows every year. For their founders Vincent de Paul and Louise de Marcillac, their monastery should be the cells of the sick, their cloister should be the rooms of the hospitals or the streets of the town. The secular or religious caregivers are excellent in the apothecary and they open a network of small dispensaries. It improves the health of the French population and allows fighting against the epidemics. This activity allowed some women to have a rewarding activity and a social status of which they were apparently satisfied.
Recherche en soins infirmiers.Rech Soins Infirm.2013 Jun;(113):6-18.
The words used for designating the caregivers are ambiguous. Little by little, the word "nurse" becomes widely used, mainly in the feminine form due to the need of specialized staff. Health care structures are developing in the 17th and 18 centuries, the remains of which you can find in today hospit
PMID 23923734

The cloister as therapeutic space: breast cancer narratives in the early modern world.

Owens SE.
Literature and medicine.Lit Med.2012 Autumn;30(2):319-38.
PMID 23795489

Between prevention and therapy: Gio Batta Gori and the National Cancer Institute's Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Programme, 1974-1978.

Cantor D.Author information Office of History, National Institutes of Health, 1 Cloister Court, Building 60, Room 262, Bethesda, MD 20814-1460, USA.AbstractThis paper explores the origins of the Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Programme (DNCP) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and its fate under its first director, Gio Batta Gori. The DNCP is used to explore the emergence of federal support for research on diet, nutrition and cancer following the 1971 Cancer Act, the complex relations between cancer prevention and therapeutics in the NCI during the 1970s, the broader politics around diet, nutrition and cancer during that decade, and their relations to Senator George McGovern's select committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. It also provides a window onto the debates and struggles over whether NCI research should be funded by contracts or grants, the nature of the patronage system within the federal cancer research agency, how a director, Gio Gori, lost patronage within that system and how a tightening of the budget for cancer research in the mid-to-late 1970s affected the DNCP.
Medical history.Med Hist.2012 Oct;56(4):531-61. doi: 10.1017/mdh.2012.73.
This paper explores the origins of the Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Programme (DNCP) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and its fate under its first director, Gio Batta Gori. The DNCP is used to explore the emergence of federal support for research on diet, nutrition and cancer following the 1971
PMID 23112384

Japanese Journal

マクデブルクのメヒティルト著『神性の流れる光』の社会的背景(1)私有教会制、修道院改革と11世紀に於ける異端の発生

狩野智洋
言語・文化・社会 (13), 1-18, 2015-03
… In this paper three subjects will be treated: the proprietary church, monastic reform and heresy in the 11th century.Although the institution of the proprietary church and cloister contributed significantly to the spread of Christianity throughout Europe,they were also goods to be traded, a hotbed of simony, and destroyed the lives of those cloistered within.Cluny Abbey, which eliminated interference by the rulers, used the institution of the proprietary church and cloister to spread their monastic network. …
NAID 120005612189

9387 トマールのクリスト修道院大回廊立面とその性格について(西洋:近世(1),建築歴史・意匠,2013年度日本建築学会大会(北海道)学術講演会・建築デザイン発表会)

飛ヶ谷潤一郎
学術講演梗概集 2013(建築歴史・意匠), 773-774, 2013-08-30
NAID 110009677798

平治の乱の要因と12月9日事件の経緯について : 河内祥輔氏の学説検討を手がかりにして (萩原進教授退職記念号)

古澤直人,Furusawa Naoto
経済志林 80(4), 339-380, 2013-03
… conclusions are as follows.(1) The situation in aristocratic circles after the Hougen Disturbance was not stable.(2) The confrontation between a direct Imperial government group and a cloister government group began from the time of GOSHIRAKAWA's (後白河) abdication from the throne.(3) Mr. KOUCHI pointed out the motives of the original Crown Prince in the lead-up to the nine-day incident, but there are no historical records that can establish the truth about "GOSHIRAKAWA's intentions."(4) It was not a "fire due to negligence" but "arson" in the case …
NAID 120005255254

川とわがまち市町村長リレーインタビュー柳瀬川回廊東京・清瀬市の川とまちづくり--渋谷金太郎東京都清瀬市長に聞く

渋谷金太郎,飯塚政憲
河川 67(8), 90-97, 2011-08
NAID 40018973822

Related Pictures

PURSUING HISTORY: The Metropolitan Museum of Art - The Cloisters nurseries of the body – part 2 | PHYLLIS ODESSEY Cloister - Wikipedia The Cloisters: A Hidden Museum in New York - A Taste of Travel AFFN Cloisters - Ancient-Future Faith Network File:Cloitre prieure Saint-Michel de Grandmont.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Cloister | architecture | Britannica.com Hunting the Unicorn: Tapestry Treasures at The Met Cloisters | The Met Store Magazine

[1] Walter Horn, "On the Origins of the Medieval Cloister" Gesta 12.1/2 (1973:13–52) p. 13.

[2] Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, s.v. "Cloister"

[Code_of_Canon_Law-3] The Code of Canon Law, Canon 667 ff. English translation copyright 1983 The Canon Law Society Trust [1]

[4] Cf. German Kloster.

[5] Horn 1973 gives these sources.

[6] The normal Syrian monastery plan was an open one, Horn observes.

[7] Horn 1973, plans, figs 9 and 10

[8] Horn pp 40ff.

[9] When Lorsch was rebuilt on a neighboring site by Abbot Richbold (784–804) the cloister was made a perfect square, against the south flank of the new church, precisely as in the plan of St. Gall (Horn 1973:44, figs 43ab, 45).

[10] Horn 1973:43 and fig 42ab.

[11] Vita Eigili, the life of Abbot Eigil.

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