clathrin

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/25 07:17:12」(JST)

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clathrin, light polypeptide (Lca)
Identifiers
Symbol	CLTA
Entrez	1211
HUGO	2090
OMIM	118960
RefSeq	NM_007096
UniProt	P09496
Other data
Locus	Chr. 12 q23-q24

clathrin, light polypeptide (Lcb)
Identifiers
Symbol	CLTB
Entrez	1212
HUGO	2091
OMIM	118970
RefSeq	NM_001834
UniProt	P09497
Other data
Locus	Chr. 4 q

Clathrin light chain
Identifiers
Symbol	Clathrin_lg_ch
Pfam	PF01086
InterPro	IPR000996
PROSITE	PDOC00196
Available protein structures: Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

clathrin, heavy polypeptide (Hc)
Identifiers
Symbol	CLTC
Alt. symbols	CLTCL2
Entrez	1213
HUGO	2092
OMIM	118955
RefSeq	NM_004859
UniProt	Q00610
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q11-qter

clathrin, heavy polypeptide-like 1
Identifiers
Symbol	CLTCL1
Alt. symbols	CLTCL
Entrez	8218
HUGO	2093
OMIM	601273
RefSeq	NM_001835
UniProt	P53675
Other data
Locus	Chr. 22 q11.2

Clathrin propeller repeat
clathrin terminal domain complexed with tlpwdlwtt
Identifiers
Symbol	Clathrin_propel
Pfam	PF01394
Pfam clan	CL0020
InterPro	IPR022365
SCOP	1bpo
SUPERFAMILY	1bpo
Available protein structures: Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

Clathrin heavy-chain linker
clathrin terminal domain complexed with tlpwdlwtt
Identifiers
Symbol	Clathrin-link
Pfam	PF09268
Pfam clan	CL0020
InterPro	IPR015348
SCOP	1utc
SUPERFAMILY	1utc
Available protein structures: Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. Clathrin was first isolated and named by Barbara Pearse in 1975. It forms a triskelion shape composed of three clathrin heavy chains and three light chains. When the triskelia interact they form a polyhedral lattice that surrounds the vesicle. Coat-proteins, like clathrin, are used to build small vesicles in order to safely transport molecules within and between cells. The endocytosis and exocytosis of vesicles allows cells to transfer nutrients, to import signaling receptors, to mediate an immune response after sampling the extracellular world, and to clean up the cell debris left by tissue inflammation. On occasion, this mechanism also provides a pathway for raiding pathogens or toxins.

Structure

Clathrin coat structure

The clathrin triskelion is composed of three clathrin heavy chains and three light chains interacting at their C-termini. The three heavy chains provide the structural backbone of the clathrin lattice, and the three light chains are thought to regulate the formation and disassembly of a clathrin lattice.

Clathrin heavy chain is, in concept, broken down into multiple subdomains, starting with the N-terminal domain, followed by the ankle, distal leg, knee, proximal leg, and trimerization domains. The N-terminal domain consists of a seven-bladed β-propeller structure. The other domains form a super-helix of short alpha helices. This was originally determined from the structure of the proximal leg domain that identified and is composed of a smaller structural module referred to as clathrin heavy chain repeat motifs. The light chains bind primarily to the proximal leg portion of the heavy chain with some interaction near the trimerization domain.

When triskelia assemble together in solution, they can interact with enough flexibility to form 6-sided rings that yield a flatter lattice, or 5-sided rings that are necessary for curved lattice formation. When many triskelions connect, they can form a basket-like structure. The structure shown above, is built of 36 triskelia, one of which is highlighted in green.

In a cell, a triskelion floating in the cytoplasm binds to an adaptor protein, linking one of its three feet to the membrane at a time. This triskelion will bind to other membrane-attached triskelia to form a rounded lattice of hexagons and pentagons, reminiscent of the panels on a soccer ball, that pulls the membrane into a bud. By constructing different combinations of 5-sided and 6-sided rings, vesicles of different sizes may assemble. The smallest clathrin cage commonly imaged, called a mini-coat, has 12 pentagons and only two hexagons. Even smaller cages with zero hexagons probably do not form from the native protein, because the feet of the triskelia are too bulky.

Function

Mechanism of clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

Like many proteins, clathrin represents a perfect case of form following function; it performs critical roles in shaping rounded vesicles in the cytoplasm for intracellular trafficking. Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) selectively sort cargo at the cell membrane, trans-Golgi network, and endosomal compartments for multiple membrane traffic pathways. After a vesicle buds into the cytoplasm, the coat rapidly disassembles, allowing the clathrin to recycle while the vesicle gets transported to a variety of locations.

Adaptor molecules are responsible for self-assembly and recruitment. Two examples of adaptor proteins are AP180 and epsin. AP180 is used in synaptic vesicle formation. It recruits clathrin to membranes and also promotes its polymerization. Epsin also recruits clathrin to membranes and promotes its polymerization, and can help deform the membrane, and thus clathrin-coated vesicles can bud. In a cell, a triskelion floating in the cytoplasm binds to an adaptor protein, linking one of its feet to the membrane at a time. The skelion will bind to other ones attached to the membrane to form a polyhedral lattice, skelion, which pulls the membrane into a bud. The skelion does not bind directly to the membrane, but binds to the adaptor proteins that recognize the molecules on the membrane surface.

Clathrin has another function aside from the coating of organelles. In non-dividing cells, the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles occurs continuously. Formation of clathrin-coated vesicles is shut down in cells undergoing mitosis. During mitosis, clathrin binds to the spindle apparatus. Clathrin aids in the congression of chromosomes by stabilizing fibres of the mitotic spindle. Clathrin is bound directly through the amino-terminal domain of the clathrin heavy chain. During mitosis the clathrin binds directly to the microtubules or microtubule-associated proteins. The stabilization of kinetochore fibres requires the trimetric structure of clathrin in order to strengthen the spindle fibres.

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) regulates many cellular physiological processes such as the internalization of growth factors and receptors, entry of pathogens, and synaptic transmission. It is believed that cellular invaders use the nutrient pathway to gain access to a cell's replicating mechanisms. Certain signalling molecules open the nutrients pathway. Two chemical compounds called Pitstop 1 and Pitstop 2, selective clathrin inhibitors, can interfere with the pathogenic activity, and thus protect the cells against invasion. These two compounds selectively block the endocytic ligand association with the clathrin terminal domain.

See also

• AP180
• Cap formation
• Cell migration
• Endocytic cycle
• Epsin
• Synaptic vesicle
• Adaptin

References

Further reading

• Wakeham DE, Chen CY, Greene B, Hwang PK, Brodsky FM (October 2003). "Clathrin self-assembly involves coordinated weak interactions favorable for cellular regulation". The EMBO Journal 22 (19): 4980–90. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg511. PMC 204494. PMID 14517237. 
• Ford MG, Mills IG, Peter BJ, Vallis Y, Praefcke GJ, Evans PR, McMahon HT (September 2002). "Curvature of clathrin-coated pits driven by epsin". Nature 419 (6905): 361–6. doi:10.1038/nature01020. PMID 12353027. 
• Fotin A, Cheng Y, Sliz P, Grigorieff N, Harrison SC, Kirchhausen T, Walz T (December 2004). "Molecular model for a complete clathrin lattice from electron cryomicroscopy". Nature 432 (7017): 573–9. doi:10.1038/nature03079. PMID 15502812. 
• Mousavi SA, Malerød L, Berg T, Kjeken R (January 2004). "Clathrin-dependent endocytosis". The Biochemical Journal 377 (Pt 1): 1–16. doi:10.1042/BJ20031000. PMC 1223844. PMID 14505490. 
• Smith CJ, Grigorieff N, Pearse BM (September 1998). "Clathrin coats at 21 A resolution: a cellular assembly designed to recycle multiple membrane receptors". The EMBO Journal 17 (17): 4943–53. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.17.4943. PMC 1170823. PMID 9724631.  (Model of Clathrin assembly)
• Pérez-Gómez J, Moore I (March 2007). "Plant endocytosis: it is clathrin after all". Current Biology : CB 17 (6): R217–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.045. PMID 17371763.  (Review on involvement of clathrin in plant endocytosis - proven recently)
• Royle SJ, Bright NA, Lagnado L (April 2005). "Clathrin is required for the function of the mitotic spindle". Nature 434 (7037): 1152–7. doi:10.1038/nature03502. PMID 15858577. 
• Knuehl C, Chen CY, Manalo V, Hwang PK, Ota N, Brodsky FM (December 2006). "Novel binding sites on clathrin and adaptors regulate distinct aspects of coat assembly". Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 7 (12): 1688–700. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00499.x. PMID 17052248. 
• Edeling MA, Smith C, Owen D (January 2006). "Life of a clathrin coat: insights from clathrin and AP structures". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7 (1): 32–44. doi:10.1038/nrm1786. PMID 16493411. 

External links

• Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class LIG_Clathr_ClatBox_1
• Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class LIG_Clathr_ClatBox_2
• Clathrin structure
• Membrane Dynamics
• Clathrin Dynamics ASCB Image & Video Library

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English Journal

• Characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 L-particle assembly and egress in hippocampal neurones by electron cryo-tomography.

• Ibiricu I, Maurer UE, Grünewald K.SourceDepartment of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, D-82152, Germany.
• Cellular microbiology.Cell Microbiol.2013 Feb;15(2):285-91. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12093. Epub 2013 Jan 11.
• Visualizing virus-host interactions in situ inside infected cells by electron cryo-tomography provides unperturbed snapshots of the infection process. Here we focus on the assembly and egress pathway of herpesviruses. Cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 produce and release not only infective
• PMID 23253400

• Cbl and Itch binding sites in ERBB4 CYT-1 and CYT-2 mediate K48- and K63-polyubiquitination, respectively.

• Meijer IM, van Rotterdam W, van Zoelen EJ, van Leeuwen JE.SourceDepartment of Cell and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
• Cellular signalling.Cell Signal.2013 Feb;25(2):470-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.008. Epub 2012 Nov 12.
• ERBB receptors have an important function in mammalian development and normal physiology, but overexpression and poor downregulation of ERBB receptors have been associated with malignant growth. Ligand-induced ERBB receptor signaling is terminated by clathrin-dependent receptor endocytosis, followed
• PMID 23153581

• Preubiquitinated chimeric ErbB2 is constitutively endocytosed and subsequently degraded in lysosomes.

• Vuong TT, Berger C, Bertelsen V, Rødland MS, Stang E, Madshus IH.SourceInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, 0027 Oslo, Norway.
• Experimental cell research.Exp Cell Res.2013 Feb 1;319(3):32-45. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.10.010. Epub 2012 Nov 2.
• The oncoprotein ErbB2 is endocytosis-deficient, probably due to its interaction with Heat shock protein 90. We previously demonstrated that clathrin-dependent endocytosis of ErbB2 is induced upon incubation of cells with Ansamycin derivatives, such as geldanamycin and its derivative 17-AAG. Furtherm
• PMID 23127513

Japanese Journal

• Activation of the Small G Protein Arf6 by Dynamin2 through Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors in Endocytosis

• Scientific reports 5, 14919, 2015-10
• NAID 120005676732

• Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class II α-isoform PI3K-C2α is required for transforming growth factor β-induced smad signaling in endothelial cells

• Journal of Biological Chemistry 290(10), 6086-6105, 2015-03-06
• NAID 120005593954

• The Dynamin 2 inhibitor Dynasore affects the actin filament distribution during mouse early embryo development

• Journal of Reproduction and Development 61(1), 49-53, 2015
• NAID 130004774179

Related Links

• Clathrinとは - goo Wikipedia (ウィキペディア)

Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. Clathrin was first isolated and named by Barbara Pearse in 1975. [1] It forms a triskelion shape composed of three clathrin heavy chains and three light ...

• Clathrin - RCSB Protein Data Bank - RCSB PDB

Additional information on clathrin T. Kirchhausen (2000) Clathrin. Annual Review of Biochemistry 69, 699-727. B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts and P. Walter (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland ...

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リンク元	「クラスリン」
拡張検索	「clathrin-coated pit」

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clathrin

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• 被覆小胞の表面を被う格子状殻構造の構成蛋白質

「clathrin-coated pit」

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クラスリン被覆ピット、クラスリン被覆小孔、クラスリン被覆小窩