WordNet

conducted with or marked by hidden aims or methods; "clandestine intelligence operations"; "cloak-and-dagger activities behind enemy lines"; "hole-and-corner intrigue"; "secret missions"; "a secret agent"; "secret sales of arms"; "surreptitious mobilization of troops"; "an undercover investigation"; "underground resistance" (同)cloak-and-dagger, hole-and-corner, hugger-mugger, hush-hush, secret, surreptitious, undercover, underground
make a loud noise; "clanging metal" (同)clangor
a loud resonant repeating noise; "he could hear the clang of distant bells" (同)clangor, clangour, clangoring, clank, clash, crash
having a hard nonresonant metallic sound; "clanking chains"; "the clanking arms of the soldiers near him"
make a loud resonant noise; "the alarm clangored throughout the building" (同)clangour

PrepTutorEJDIC

(特にスコットランド高地人の)氏族 / 《話》一家,一族,一門 / (共通の利害を持つ)一味,一党,閥
(特に悪だくみなどで)内密の,内々の,陰での
(鐘・よろい・金づちなどの)カーン(ガーン,ガチン)という音 / …'を'カーン(ガーン,ガチン)と鳴らす / カーン(ガーン,ガチン)と鳴る
(女性の)氏族の一員
centiliter[s]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/18 08:16:05」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship^[1] and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clan members may be organized around a founding member or apical ancestor. The kinship-based bonds may be symbolic, whereby the clan shares a "stipulated" common ancestor that is a symbol of the clan's unity. When this "ancestor" is non-human, it is referred to as a totem, which is frequently an animal. The word clan is derived from the Gaelic clann^[1] meaning children or progeny but not from the word for family in the Irish language^[2]^[3] and the Scottish Gaelic languages. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word was introduced into English in around 1425, as a label for the nature of the society of the Scottish Highlands ll.^[4] Clans in indigenous societies tend to be exogamous, meaning that their members cannot marry one another. Clans preceded more centralized forms of community organization and government and are in every country. Members may identify with a coat of arms or other symbol to show they are an independent clan.

Clans as political units

In different cultures and situations, a clan does not usually mean the same thing as other kin-based groups, such as tribes, and bands. Often, the distinguishing factor is that a clan is a smaller part of a larger society such as a chiefdom, or a state. In some societies, clans may have an official leader such as a chieftain, matriarch,^[5] or patriarch; in others, leadership positions may have to be achieved, or people may say that "elders" make decisions.

Examples include Irish, Scottish, Chinese, Korean, Japanese clans, which exist as kin groups within their respective nations. Note, however, that tribes and bands can also be components of larger societies. However, the early Norse clans, the ætter, are often translated as house or line. The Biblical 'tribes' of Israel were composed of many clans.^[6] Arab clans are sub-tribal groups within Arab society. Ojibwa bands are smaller parts of the Ojibwa tribe or people in North America, as one example of the many Native American peoples distinguished by language and culture, most having clans and bands as the basic kinship organizations. In some cases more than one tribe recognized each other's clans; for instance, both the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes had fox and bear clans whose membership could supersede the tribe.^{[citation needed]}

Apart from these different historical traditions of kinship, conceptual confusion arises from colloquial usages of the term. In post-Soviet countries, for example, it is quite common to speak of "clans" in reference to informal networks within the economic and political sphere. This usage reflects the assumption that their members act towards each other in a particularly close and mutually supportive way approximating the solidarity among kinsmen. Polish clans differ from most others as they are a collection of families who bear the same coat of arms, as opposed to claiming a common descent (see Polish heraldry). There are multiple closely related clans in the Indian sub-continent, especially south India.

Clans by continent or region

The Irish Gaelic term for clan or less identifiable family group^[clarify] is fine [finɨ]; líon tí is a term for "family" in the sense of "household"; and muintir is a term for "family" in the sense of "kinsfolk".^[3]

Africa	Great Lakes Serer maternal Joos Njuufeen Somali
Americas	Anishinaabe Cherokee
Asia	Central Asian Baloch Bon-gwan (names) Chinese family name consort clan Punti Tang Hau Pang Man Liu Japanese Kazakh Manchu (names) Mongolian Ng Ngoche Pashtun
South Asia	Ahir Ao Naga Arain Bhuiyar Bunt Gakhars Gurjar (Gujjar) Jat Khatri Kshatriya / Maratha Bhat family / Peshawe Family Meena Mukkulathor Nai Nair (Malayala Kshatriya) Rajput Tarkhan Vanniyar Vellalar Yadav
Middle East	Arab Israelite Parthian
Eurasia^a	Armenian Nakhchivani Teip Turkish Yeraz
Europe	Irish sept Chiefs of the Name^[7] Norse Polish Scottish armigerous clan chief Albanian Montenegrin Sippe
Oceania	Rapa Nui Māori

^a Meaning the transcontinental area between Asia and Europe.

References

^ ^a ^b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clan". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–421.
^ Dineen, Patrick S. (1927). Foclóir Gaeďilge agus Béarla an IRISH-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Dublin and Cork, Ireland: The Educational Company of Ireland, Ltd.
^ ^a ^b Ó Dónaill, Niall (1992). Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla. Dublin, Ireland: An Gúm. ISBN 1-85791-037-0.
^ "Clan", Online Etymology Dictionary
^ "Definition of MATRIARCH". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
^ See, for example, 1 Chronicles 4 and Numbers 26 in the Old Testament.
^ See Edward MacLysaght, Irish Families – note: Families, not Clans – Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 1985.

English Journal

The ties that bind: Maternal kin bias in a multilevel primate society despite natal dispersal by both sexes.

Städele V1, Pines M2, Swedell L2,3,4,5, Vigilant L1.
American journal of primatology.Am J Primatol.2016 Jul;78(7):731-44. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22537. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
In many social animals, individuals derive fitness benefits from close social bonds, which are often formed among kin of the philopatric sex. Hamadryas baboons, however, exhibit a hierarchical, multilevel social system where both sexes disperse from their natal one-male-unit (OMU). Although this wou
PMID 26890431

Overcoming tumor resistance to cisplatin by cationic lipid-assisted prodrug nanoparticles.

Cao ZT1, Chen ZY2, Sun CY2, Li HJ2, Wang HX2, Cheng QQ3, Zuo ZQ2, Wang JL2, Liu YZ3, Wang YC4, Wang J5.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2016 Jul;94:9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.04.001. Epub 2016 Apr 6.
Chemotherapy resistance has become a major challenge in the clinical treatment of lung cancer which is the leading cancer type for the estimated deaths. Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles as drug carriers can raise intracellular drug concentration by achieving effectively cellular uptake a
PMID 27088406

What's the diagnosis? Organisational culture and palliative care delivery in residential aged care in New Zealand.

Frey R1, Boyd M1,2, Foster S2, Robinson J1,3, Gott M1.
Health & social care in the community.Health Soc Care Community.2016 Jul;24(4):450-62. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12220. Epub 2015 Mar 26.
Organisational culture has been shown to impact on resident outcomes in residential aged care (RAC). This is particularly important given the growing number of residents with high palliative care needs. The study described herein (conducted from January 2013 to March 2014) examined survey results fr
PMID 25808936

Japanese Journal

18 世紀後半の江戸と仙台における相撲文化の相互作用に関する一考察:-谷風を中心とする仙台藩の力士の位相に着目して-

藪耕太郎
仙台大学紀要 45(1), 1-10, 2013-09-30
NAID 110009606492

無文字社会における「歴史」の構造 : エチオピア南部ボラナにおける口頭年代史を事例として

大場千景
文化人類学 78(1), 26-49, 2013-06-30
本稿の目的は、エチオピア南部で主に牧畜を営んで暮らすボラナの人々の口承史に関する語りの分析を通して、無文字社会に生きる人々が生起してきた無数の出来事をいかにして集団の「歴史」として構築し、その膨大な出来事に関する記憶を一致させ継承しているのか、そのメカニズムを解明することである。II章では、社会構造と密接に結びつきながら構築されてきた過去5世紀に及ぶボラナの口承史、その語りの場、語り手や聞き手たち …
NAID 110009624405

大神氏始祖系譜の歴史的背景 : オオタタネコと陶邑の関係をめぐって

鈴木正信
彦根論叢 (第396号), 57-38, 2013-06-00
… In past studies, I have analyzed the developmentof the Oomiwa-Uji clan. … In those studies, I noted the political trends, distribution, duties, and genealogy of the Oomiwa-Uji clan. … In this paper, I analyze the historical background of the genealogy of the Oomiwa-Uji clan based on my past analyses.In the first chapter, I analyze issues in previousstudies. … Until now, researchers have discussed the relationship between the Oomiwa-Uji clan and Sue-village. …
NAID 120005296739

Related Pictures

JOIN OUR FACEBOOK GROUP clan, a family wild cat clan named the blue clan because Clan Logo Design http://darkorbit-clans Wu Tang Clan Wallpapers Pictures Photos Clan Moffat Society AGM 21 - 24 July 2011 the large black tent of the clan leader Motto for Clan Fraser: All my Hope is in