n.

ハマグリ

関: bivalve、Bivalvia、mussel

WordNet

gather clams, by digging in the sand by the ocean
burrowing marine mollusk living on sand or mud; the shell closes with viselike firmness
flesh of either hard-shell or soft-shell clams
used of mollusks having two shells (as clams etc.) (同)bivalved
marine or freshwater mollusks having a soft body with platelike gills enclosed within two shells hinged together (同)pelecypod, lamellibranch
marine or freshwater bivalve mollusk that lives attached to rocks etc.
black marine bivalves usually steamed in wine
oysters; clams; scallops; mussels (同)class Bivalvia, Lamellibranchia, class Lamellibranchia, class Pelecypoda
a dredging bucket with hinges like the shell of a clam (同)grapple
the shell of a clam
small rough-barked locust of southeastern United States having racemes of pink flowers and glutinous branches and seeds (同)Robinia viscosa
in a clammy manner

PrepTutorEJDIC

ハマグリ / ハマグリを取る
二枚目の / 二枚貝(ハマグリ・カキナド)
ムラサキガイ(食用・ボタン用の二枚貝)
二枚貝の殻 / ハマグリの殻のように開形する川底さらい機
centiliter[s]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/10/20 02:00:24」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A clam shell (species Spisula solidissima) at Sandy Hook, New Jersey

Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. The word is often applied only to those that are edible and live as infauna, spending most of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor. Clams have two shells of equal size connected by two adductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot.^[1] Clams in the culinary sense do not live attached to a substrate (whereas oysters and mussels do) and do not live near the bottom (whereas scallops do). In culinary usage, clams are commonly eaten marine bivalves, as in clam digging and the resulting soup, clam chowder. Many edible clams such as palourde clams are oval or triangular;^[2] however, razor clams have an elongated parallel-sided shell, suggesting an old-fashioned straight razor.^[3]

Some clams have life cycles of only one year, while at least one may be over 500 years old.^[4] All clams have two calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinge with a flexible ligament, and all are filter feeders.

Anatomy

Littleneck clams, small hard clams, species Mercenaria mercenaria

A clam's shell consists of two (usually equal) valves, which are connected by a hinge joint and a ligament that can be external or internal. The ligament provides tension to bring the valves apart, while one or two adductor muscles can contract to close the valves. Clams also have kidneys, a heart, a mouth, a stomach, and a nervous system. Many have a siphon.

As food

A clam dish

Clams simmering in a white wine sauce

North America

In culinary use, within the eastern coast of the United States and large swathes of the Maritimes of Canada, the term "clam" most often refers to the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria. It may also refer to a few other common edible species, such as the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria and the ocean quahog, Arctica islandica. Another species commercially exploited on the Atlantic Coast of the United States is the surf clam Spisula solidissima. Scallops are also used for food nationwide, but not cockles: they are more difficult to get than in Europe because of their habit of being farther out in the tide than European species on the West Coast, and on the East Coast they are often found in salt marshes and mudflats where mosquitoes are abundant.^[5]^[6] Up and down the coast of the Eastern U.S., the bamboo clam, ensis directus, is prized by Americans for making clam strips although because of its nature of burrowing into the sand very close to the beach, it cannot be harvested by mechanical means without damaging the beaches.^[7] The bamboo clam is also notorious for having a very sharp edge of its shell, and when harvested by hand must be handled with great care.

On the U.S. West Coast, there are several species that have been consumed for thousands of years, evidenced by middens full of clamshells near the shore and their consumption by nations including the Chumash of California, the Nisqually of Washington State and the Tsawwassen of British Columbia.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] The butter clam, Saxidomus gigantea,^[12] the Pacific razor clam, Siliqua patula, ^[13] gaper clams Tresus capax,^[14] the geoduck clam, Panopea generosa ^[15] and the Pismo clam, Tivela stultorum ^[16] are all eaten as delicacies.

Clams can be eaten raw, steamed, boiled, baked or fried. They can also be made into clam chowder, clams casino, Clam cakes, stuffies, or they can be cooked using hot rocks and seaweed in a New England clam bake. On the West Coast, they are an ingredient in making cioppino and local variants of ceviche^[17]

Japan

In Japan, clams are often an ingredient of mixed seafood dishes. They can also be made into hot pot, miso soup or Tsukudani. The more commonly used varieties of clams in Japanese cooking are the Shijimi (Corbicula japonica), the Asari (Venerupis philippinarum) and the Hamaguri (Meretrix lusoria).^{[citation needed]}

Italy

In Italy, clams are often an ingredient of mixed seafood dishes or are eaten together with pasta. The more commonly used varieties of clams in Italian cooking are the Vongola (Venerupis decussata), the Cozza (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and the Tellina (Donax trunculus). Though Dattero di mare (Lithophaga lithophaga) was once eaten, overfishing drove it to the verge of extinction (it takes 15 to 35 years to reach adult size and could only be harvested by smashing the calcarean rocks that form its habitat) and the Italian government has declared it an endangered species since 1998 and its harvest and sale are forbidden.^{[citation needed]}

India

Clams are eaten more in the coastal regions of India, especially in the Konkan, Kerala, Bengal and coastal regions of Karnataka regions.^{[citation needed]}

In Kerala clams are used to make curries and fried with coconut. In Malabar region it is known as "elambakka" and in middle kerala it is known as "kakka". Clam curry made with coconut is a dish from Malabar especially in the Thalassery region. On the south western coast of India, also known as the Konkan region of Maharashtra, clams are used in curries and side dishes, like Tisaryachi Ekshipi, which is clams with one shell on. Beary Muslim households in the Mangalore region prepare a main dish with clams called Kowldo Pinde. In Udupi and Mangalore regions it is famously called as "marvai" in local tulu language. It is used to prepare many delicious dishes like marvai sukka, marvai gassi, and marvai pundi.^{[citation needed]}

Religion

In Judaism, clams are considered non-kosher (treif); but in Islam, clams are considered Halal along with all other shellfish, which lack a fish's fins and scales.^[18]

As currency

Some species of clams, particularly Mercenaria mercenaria, were in the past used by the Algonquians of Eastern North America to manufacture wampum, a type of sacred jewelry; and to make shell money.^[19]

Species

One of the world's largest clam fossils (187 cm), a Sphenoceramus steenstrupi specimen from Greenland in the Geological Museum in Copenhagen

Maxima clam, Tridacna maxima

Edible:

Grooved carpet shell: Ruditapes decussatus
Hard clam or Northern Quahog: Mercenaria mercenaria
Manila clam: Venerupis philippinarum
Soft clam: Mya arenaria
Atlantic surf clam: Spisula solidissima
Ocean quahog: Arctica islandica
Pacific razor clam: Siliqua patula
Pismo clam: Tivela stultorum (8 inch shell on display at the Pismo Beach Chamber of Commerce)
Geoduck: Panopea abrupta or Panope generosa (largest burrowing clam in the world)
Atlantic jackknife clam: Ensis directus
Lyrate Asiatic hard clam: Meretrix lyrata
Ark clams, family Arcidae (most popular in Indonesia and Singapore)

Not usually considered edible:

Nut clams or pointed nut clams, family Nuculidae
Duck clams or trough shells, family Mactridae
Marsh clams, family Corbiculidae
File clams, family Limidae
Giant clam: Tridacna gigas
Asian or Asiatic clam: genus Corbicula
Peppery furrow shell: Scrobicularia plana

References

^ "Clam". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016.
^ "Clams recipes". BBC. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
^ "Clam". Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar.
^ Danielle Elliot (14 November 2013). "Ming the Clam, World's Oldest Animal, Was Actually 507 Years Old". CBS News. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "harvesting cockles".
^ "Cockle". SeafoodSource. Diversified Communications. 23 January 2014.
^ "dredging of clams" (PDF).
^ "Shell Midden Analysis". science.jrank.org. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ "Nisqually People and the River – Yelm History Project". www.yelmhistoryproject.com. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ "What Did the Chumash Eat? | Synonym". Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ "Tsawwassen First Nation History and Timeline". Tsawwassen First Nation. November 10, 2011.
^ "Plenty of clams, oysters in Puget Sound and Hood Canal". The Seattle Times. 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ Kelly, Mike. "Dig Those Razor Clams". North Coast Journal. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ Lackner, Bill. "Oregon clam chowder". Coos Bay World. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ "All About Geoduck: The Life of a (Delicious) Oversized Mollusk". www.seriouseats.com. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ "Digging for Pismo clams at San Diego Beaches". Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ "razor clams | Langdon Cook". langdoncook.com. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 83 and 84
^ Kurlansky, Mark (2006), The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell, Penguin Group, pp. 16, 30–31, ISBN 978-0-345-47638-8, OCLC 60550567.

External links

Media related to Bivalvia at Wikimedia Commons
Clam stir fry
Deep In The Ocean A Clam That Acts Like A Plant Science Daily March 2, 2007
Hardshell Clams

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Depuration kinetics of hepatitis A virus in clams.

Polo D1, Alvarez C2, Vilariño ML1, Longa A3, Romalde JL4.Author information 1Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.2Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.3Consello Regulador da Denominación de Orixe Protexida do Mexillón de Galicia, 36600 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.4Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: jesus.romalde@usc.es.AbstractThe efficacy and dynamic of depuration for the removal of hepatitis A virus (HAV) contamination were evaluated under experimental conditions using Manila clams previously subjected to bioaccumulation with this virus. Five independent trials were assayed in a closed experimental system with a total volume of approximately 1750 l, using clam batches of 60 Kg. The reverse transcriptase-real time PCR (RT-qPCR) technique was utilized for viral quantification. Infectivity assays were conducted at the end of depuration. Although the final viral loads in shellfish after 7 days remained relatively high and still infectious, an average reduction in HAV levels of 1.44 log units (approx. 93.1%) was observed. This reduction showed a two-phase removal kinetic, with an initial rapid reduction of viruses during the first 72 h of depuration, with a 0.6 log units (69%) of average decrease in HAV RNA copies/g digestive tissue, and a subsequent stabilization with a slower depuration rate in the remaining days.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2014 May;39:103-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.11.011. Epub 2013 Nov 28.
The efficacy and dynamic of depuration for the removal of hepatitis A virus (HAV) contamination were evaluated under experimental conditions using Manila clams previously subjected to bioaccumulation with this virus. Five independent trials were assayed in a closed experimental system with a total v
PMID 24387859

Genotoxic and biochemical effects of atrazine and Roundup(®), alone and in combination, on the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea.

Dos Santos KC1, Martinez CB2.Author information 1Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CP 10011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.2Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CP 10011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: cbueno@uel.br.AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate biochemical and genotoxic effects of the herbicides atrazine (ATZ) and Roundup(®) (RD) separately, as well as their mixture, on the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea after 96h exposure. Animals were exposed to 2 and 10ppb of ATZ (ATZ2 and ATZ10), 2 and 10ppm of RD (RD2 and RD10) and the following mixtures: 2ppb ATZ+2ppm RD (AR2) and 10ppb ATZ+10ppm RD (AR10). Activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXR), reduced glutathione concentrations (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured in gills and digestive gland. DNA damage was determined in clams hemocytes through the comet assay. The gills were more susceptible to the action of the herbicides and the results showed that ATZ2 and ATZ10 caused a significant reduction in EROD and the mixture leads to a significant decrease in EROD and MXR. No significant change in the biotransformation parameters was observed in the digestive gland. Regarding the primary antioxidant defenses, SOD activity increased in the gills of clams exposed to ATZ10 and RD10 and in the digestive gland of animals exposed to RD2 and RD10, CAT activity was significantly reduced only in digestive gland of clams exposed RD10 while GPX increased in the gills after exposure to ATZ2 and RD10. The exposure to RD10 caused a significant increase in LPO in both gills and digestive gland. While the exposure to ATZ and RD separately did not increase DNA damage, the exposure to AR2 and AR10 caused a significant increase in the occurrence of DNA damage. In conclusion, this study showed that both herbicides applied alone caused effects on C. fluminea; ATZ interfered mostly in biotransformation while RD interfered mainly in antioxidant defenses leading to lipid peroxidation. The herbicides mixture showed antagonistic effects on the gills EROD and on lipid peroxidation in gills and digestive gland and synergistic effects on the gills MXR and on DNA damage in the hemocytes.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2014 Feb;100:7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Dec 20.
The present study aimed to evaluate biochemical and genotoxic effects of the herbicides atrazine (ATZ) and Roundup(®) (RD) separately, as well as their mixture, on the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea after 96h exposure. Animals were exposed to 2 and 10ppb of ATZ (ATZ2 and ATZ10), 2 and 10ppm of
PMID 24433785

Phylogeographic analysis of introns and mitochondrial DNA in the clam Ruditapes decussatus uncovers the effects of Pleistocene glaciations and endogenous barriers to gene flow.

Cordero D1, Peña JB1, Saavedra C2.Author information 1Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón), Spain.2Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón), Spain. Electronic address: saavedra@iats.csic.es.AbstractStudies on the phylogeography of species inhabiting the Mediterranean and the nearby coasts of the NE Atlantic Ocean (MEDAT) have found subdivision and/or phylogeographic structure in one or more of the Atlantic, western Mediterranean and eastern Mediterranean basins. This structure has been explained as the result of past population fragmentation caused by Pleistocene sea level changes and current patterns of marine circulation. However, the increasing use of nuclear markers has revealed that these two factors alone are not enough to explain the phylogeographic patterns, and an additional role has been suggested for endogenous barriers to gene flow or natural selection. In this article we examined the role of these factors in Ruditapes decussatus, a commercial clam species native to MEDAT. A genetic analysis of 11 populations was carried out by examining 6 introns with a PCR-RFLP technique. We found subdivision in three regions: Atlantic (ATL), western Mediterranean plus Tunisia (WMED), and Aegean and Adriatic seas (AEGAD). Two introns (Ech and Tbp) showed alleles that were restricted to AEGAD. Sequencing a subsample of individuals for these introns indicated that AEGAD-specific alleles were separate clades, thus revealing a phylogeographic brake at the WMED-AEGAD boundary. Sequencing of the mitochondrial COI locus confirmed this phylogeographic break. Dating of the AEGAD mitochondrial haplotypes and nuclear alleles with a Bayesian MCMC method revealed that they shared common ancestors in the Pleistocene. These results can be explained in the framework of Pleistocene sea level drops and patterns of gene flow in MEDAT. An additional observation was a lack of differentiation at COI between the ATL and WMED, in sharp contrast with 4 introns that showed clear genetic subdivision. Neutrality tests did not support the hypothesis of a selective sweep acting on mtDNA to explain the contrasting levels of differentiation between mitochondrial and nuclear markers across the ATL-WMED transition, and we argue that the difference between markers is best explained by the existence of an endogenous genetic barrier, rather than by a physical barrier to larval migration alone.
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2014 Feb;71:274-87. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.003. Epub 2013 Nov 20.
Studies on the phylogeography of species inhabiting the Mediterranean and the nearby coasts of the NE Atlantic Ocean (MEDAT) have found subdivision and/or phylogeographic structure in one or more of the Atlantic, western Mediterranean and eastern Mediterranean basins. This structure has been explain
PMID 24269315

Physiological disturbance of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, by altered environmental conditions in a tidal flat on the west coast of Korea.

Baek MJ1, Lee YJ1, Choi KS2, Lee WC3, Park HJ1, Kwak JH1, Kang CK4.Author information 1Ocean Science and Technology Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.2School of Marine Biomedical Science and Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.3Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea.4Ocean Science and Technology Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ckkang@postech.ac.kr.AbstractTo examine the influence of habitat alteration by tideflat reclamation on the physiological ecology of Ruditapes philippinarum, seasonal variations in its condition, gross biochemical composition, and reproductive cycle were compared for a yearly cycle between a reclaimed flat (Gomsohang, GS) and a natural flat (Hajun, HJ) in Gomso Bay, Korea. Concentrations of chlorophyll a and seston (as well as its energy value as food available to the clam) were consistently higher at HJ than at GS. Condition, dry tissue weight, and energy reserves (proteins and carbohydrates) of the clams were much higher at HJ than at GS during spring-summer, when fast growth and gametogenic development occur. Furthermore, their spring gametogenic development and spawning were advanced at HJ compared with GS. Our results suggest that the Manila clam encounters nutritionally stressful environmental conditions in altered habitats after tideflat reclamation that lead to lowered nutrient accumulation and a changing reproductive cycle.
Marine pollution bulletin.Mar Pollut Bull.2014 Jan 15;78(1-2):137-45. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.050. Epub 2013 Dec 2.
To examine the influence of habitat alteration by tideflat reclamation on the physiological ecology of Ruditapes philippinarum, seasonal variations in its condition, gross biochemical composition, and reproductive cycle were compared for a yearly cycle between a reclaimed flat (Gomsohang, GS) and a
PMID 24295594

Japanese Journal

Temperature-dependent adverse effects of drifting macroalgae on the survival of Manila clams in a eutrophic coastal lagoon

Plankton & benthos research : a joint journal of the Plankton Society of Japan & the Japanese Association of Benthology 12(4), 238-247, 2017-11
NAID 40021392059

陸奥湾におけるアサリの貝殻切片を用いた年齢査定手法の検証

水産増殖 = Aquaculture science 65(3), 193-202, 2017-09
NAID 40021334765

アサリ漁場廿日市市前潟に生息する海産自由生活性線虫類の分布とサイズ組成

日本ベントス学会誌 = Japanese journal of benthology 72(1), 1-11, 2017-08
NAID 40021314145

Effects of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of juvenile ark shell Anadara broughtonii

Fisheries science 83(4), 619-624, 2017-07
NAID 40021252370

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「bivalve」「Bivalvia」「mussel」「ハマグリ」
拡張検索	「cyclamate」「sodium cyclamate」

「bivalve」

　　[★]

adj.

二弁の

n.

二枚貝

関: Bivalvia、clam、mussel

「Bivalvia」

　　[★]

双殻類、双殻綱、二枚貝綱

関: bivalve、clam、mussel

「mussel」

　　[★]

ムール貝

関: bivalve、Bivalvia、clam

「ハマグリ」

　　[★]

英: clam
関: 二枚貝、ムール貝、双殻類

「cyclamate」

　　[★]

サイクラミン酸、シクラミン酸、シクラメート

関: sodium cyclamate

「sodium cyclamate」

　　[★]

サイクラミン酸ナトリウム

関: cyclamate

[1] "Clam". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016.

[2] "Clams recipes". BBC. Retrieved 23 February 2017.

[3] "Clam". Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar.

[4] Danielle Elliot (14 November 2013). "Ming the Clam, World's Oldest Animal, Was Actually 507 Years Old". CBS News. Retrieved 15 November 2013.

[5] "harvesting cockles".

[6] "Cockle". SeafoodSource. Diversified Communications. 23 January 2014.

[7] "dredging of clams" (PDF).

[8] "Shell Midden Analysis". science.jrank.org. Retrieved 2018-03-10.

[9] "Nisqually People and the River – Yelm History Project". www.yelmhistoryproject.com. Retrieved 2018-03-10.

[10] "What Did the Chumash Eat? | Synonym". Retrieved 2018-03-10.

[11] "Tsawwassen First Nation History and Timeline". Tsawwassen First Nation. November 10, 2011.

[12] "Plenty of clams, oysters in Puget Sound and Hood Canal". The Seattle Times. 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2018-03-10.

[13] Kelly, Mike. "Dig Those Razor Clams". North Coast Journal. Retrieved 2018-03-10.

[14] Lackner, Bill. "Oregon clam chowder". Coos Bay World. Retrieved 2018-03-10.

[15] "All About Geoduck: The Life of a (Delicious) Oversized Mollusk". www.seriouseats.com. Retrieved 2018-03-10.

[16] "Digging for Pismo clams at San Diego Beaches". Retrieved 2018-03-10.

[17] "razor clams | Langdon Cook". langdoncook.com. Retrieved 2018-03-16.

[18] Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 83 and 84

[Kurlansky2006pp16_30-31-19] Kurlansky, Mark (2006), The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell, Penguin Group, pp. 16, 30–31, ISBN 978-0-345-47638-8, OCLC 60550567.

v t e Commercial mollusks
Marine gastropods	Abalone Periwinkle Whelk Buccinum undatum Bullacta exarata
Land and freshwater gastropods	Helix pomatia Helix aspersa Helix aperta Cepaea nemoralis Otala lactea Escargot
Free-swimming marine bivalves	Scallop Queen scallop Pecten maximus Pecten jacobaeus Argopecten irradians Placopecten magellanicus
Infaunal bivalves	Clam Atlantic surf clam Soft-shell clam Mercenaria mercenaria Austrovenus stutchburyi Saxidomus nuttalli Arctica islandica Cockle Geoduck Spisula solidissima Paphies ventricosa Paphies australis Tuatua Ruditapes largillierti Grooved carpet shell
Sessile bivalves	Oyster Mussel Pearl oyster Pinctada maxima
Freshwater bivalves	Freshwater pearl mussel
Cephalopods	Octopus Squid
Techniques	Heliciculture Gathering by hand Clam digging Dredging Oyster farming Oyster boats Pearl farming Pearl diving Ama divers Trawling
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