WordNet

a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum
a theodolite designed for rapid measurements (同)tacheometer

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/17 17:01:09」(JST)

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Not to be confused with chymex or chime.

Chyme (from Greek "χυμός" - khymos, "juice"^[1]^[2]) is the semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.^[3]

Also known as chymus, it is the liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme anywhere between 40 minutes to a few hours.

With a pH of around 2, chyme emerging from the stomach is very acidic. To raise its pH, the duodenum secretes a hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes the gall bladder to contract, releasing alkaline bile into the duodenum. The duodenum also produces the hormone secretin to stimulate the pancreatic secretion of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate, which raises the chyme's pH to 7 before it reaches the jejunum. As it is protected by a thick layer of mucus and utilizes the neutralizing actions of the sodium bicarbonate and bile, the duodenum is not as sensitive to highly acidic chyme as the rest of the small intestine.

At a pH of 7, the enzymes that were present from the stomach are no longer active. This then leads into the further breakdown of the nutrients still present by anaerobic bacteria which at the same time help to package the remains. These bacteria also help synthesize vitamin B and vitamin K.

Properties

Chyme has a low pH that is countered by the production of bile, helping to further digest food. Chyme is also part liquid and part solid: a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion.

Path of chyme

After hours of mechanical and chemical digestion, food has been reduced into chyme. As particles of food become small enough, they are passed at regular intervals into the small intestine, which stimulates the pancreas to release fluid containing a high concentration of bicarbonate. This fluid neutralizes the gastric juice, which can damage the lining of the intestine, resulting in duodenal ulcer. Other secretions from the pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and glands in the intestinal wall help in digestion. When food particles are sufficiently reduced in size and composition, they are absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to the bloodstream. Some food material is passed from the small intestine to the large intestine. In the large intestine, bacteria break down proteins and starches in chyme that were not fully digested. When all of the nutrients have been absorbed from chyme, the remaining waste material changes into semi solids called feces, which then passes to the rectum, to be stored until it is ready to be expelled from the body.

References

^ Chyme, Online Etymology Dictionary
^ χυμός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
^ chyme, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

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UpToDate Contents

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1. セクレチン secretin
2. 膵外分泌機能検査 pancreatic exocrine function tests
3. 小腸および大腸の腹部超音波検査 transabdominal ultrasonography of the small and large intestine

English Journal

In vitro digestion of short-dough biscuits enriched in proteins and/or fibres, using a multi-compartmental and dynamic system (1): viscosity measurement and prediction.

Villemejane C1, Wahl R2, Aymard P2, Denis S3, Michon C4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Sep 1;182:55-63. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.125. Epub 2015 Mar 3.
The effects of biscuit composition on the viscosity generated during digestion were investigated. A control biscuit, one with proteins, one with fibres, and one with both proteins and fibres were digested under the same conditions, using the TNO intestinal model (TIM-1). The TIM-1 is a multi-compart
PMID 25842308

Dose-dependent lipid peroxidation induction on ex vivo intestine tracts exposed to chyme samples from fumonisins contaminated corn samples.

Garbetta A1, Debellis L2, De Girolamo A3, Schena R4, Visconti A5, Minervini F6.
Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.Toxicol In Vitro.2015 Aug;29(5):1140-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.018. Epub 2015 May 5.
Fumonisins (FBs), Fusarium mycotoxins common food contaminant, are a potent inducer of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in intestinal cells. In order to verify this toxic effect in intestine tract, the aim was to assess lipid peroxidation (as malondialdehyde MDA increased levels) on intestine
PMID 25956791

A combination of acid lactase from Aspergillus oryzae and yogurt bacteria improves lactose digestion in lactose maldigesters synergistically: A randomized, controlled, double-blind cross-over trial.

de Vrese M1, Laue C2, Offick B3, Soeth E4, Repenning F5, Thoß A5, Schrezenmeir J3.
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland).Clin Nutr.2015 Jun;34(3):394-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.06.012. Epub 2014 Jul 8.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Lactose digestion can be improved in subjects with impaired or completely absent intestinal lactase activity by administration of lactase preparations and particularly of acid lactase, which is active in the stomach, or by yogurt containing live lactic acid bacteria. It is the
PMID 25042846

Japanese Journal

Immunohistochemical Study on the Secretory Host Defense System of Bactericidal Peptides in Rat Digestive Organs

YOKOO Yuh,MIYATA Hidenori,UDAYANGA Kankanam Gamage Sanath,QI Wang-Mei,TAKAHARA Ei-ichirou,YOKOYAMA Toshifumi,KAWANO Junichi,HOSHI Nobuhiko,KITAGAWA Hiroshi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 73(2), 217-225, 2011
… Part of the BP in the chyme might be absorbed by the epithelium at the most inner sites of mucosae in the small and large intestines. …
NAID 130000444197

Duodenal Carbonic Anhydrase : Mucosal Protection, Luminal Chemosensing, and Gastric Acid Disposal

KAUNITZ Jonathan D.,AKIBA Yasutada
Keio journal of medicine 55(3), 96-106, 2006-09-01
… Over a length of only 25 cm, large volumes of strong acid secreted by the stomach must be converted to the neutral-alkaline chyme of the hindgut lumen, generating large volumes of CO2, which the duodenum then absorbs. …
NAID 10018766140

Peristaltic Motion of Generalized Newtonian Fluid in a Non-Uniform Channel

Elshehawey Elsayed Farouk,El Misery Abd El Magied,Abd El Naby Abd El Hakeem
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 67(2), 434-440, 1998-02-15
… It is asstrrtaed that chyme in tlae taaale 81112111 intestine behave like Carreau fltnid since nuostof the playsiological fltrid behave like a non-Nexvtonian fltrid. …
NAID 110001978350

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「キモトリプシン」「消化粥」「粥状液」「chymous」
拡張検索	「brachymetacarpia-cataract-mesiodens syndrome」「secondary mesenchyme」「primary mesenchyme」「idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis」

「キモトリプシン」

　　[★]

chyme 糜粥 →　これに対するトリプシンという意味で命名されたのだろうか。
英: chymotrypsin

セリンプロテアーゼの一種。
ヒトでは膵臓からキモトリプシノーゲンが分泌され、トリプシンやキモトリプシンにより分解され活性のあるキモトリプシンとなる。
六員環を持つアミノ酸を分解する、らしい
Tyr, Phe, TrpのC末端側のペプチド結合を特異的に加水分解するセリンエンドペプチダーゼ．Leu,Met, Ala, Asp, Gluは低い率で切断される．感受性の高いアミノ酸のアミドとエステルにも作用し，ペプチド合成に使用される(http://www.bio-concierge.com/detail.php?id=5763)