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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/03 23:46:11」(JST)

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Chondrocytes (from Greek chondros cartilage + kytos cell) are the only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans. Although chondroblast is still commonly used to describe an immature chondrocyte, use of the term is discouraged, for it is technically inaccurate since the progenitor of chondrocytes (which are mesenchymal stem cells) can also differentiate into several cell types including osteoblasts. The organization of chondrocytes within cartilage differs depending upon the type of cartilage and where in the tissue they are found.^{[citation needed]}

Differentiation[edit]

From least- to terminally-differentiated, the chondrocytic lineage is:

Colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F)
Mesenchymal stem cell / marrow stromal cell (MSC)
Chondrocyte
Hypertrophic chondrocyte

When referring to bone or cartilage, mesenchymal stem cells (mesoderm origin) are undifferentiated, meaning they can differentiate into a different variance of generative cells (MSC) are commonly known as osteochondrogenic (or osteogenic, chondrogenic, osteoprogenitor, etc.) cells. Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells lose their process, proliferate and crowd together in a dense aggregate of chondrogenic cells (cartilage) at the center of chondrification. These chondrogenic cells will then differentiate to chondroblasts which will then synthesize the cartilage ECM (extra cellular matrix). Which consists of ground substance (proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans for low osmotic potential) and fibers. The chondroblasts then trap themselves in a small space that is no longer in contact with the newly created matrix, called lacunae, which contains extracellular fluid. The chondroblast is now a chondrocyte, which is usually inactive but can still secrete and degrade the matrix depending on the conditions. The majority of the cartilage that has been built has been synthesized from the chondroblast, which are much more inactive at a late age (adult hood) compared to earlier years (pre-pubesence).

BMP4 and FGF2 have been experimentally shown to increase chondrocyte differentiation.^[1]

Chondrocytes undergo terminal differentiation when they become hypertrophic, which happens during endochondral ossification. This last stage is characterized by major phenotypic changes in the cell.

Gallery[edit]

Chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage
Chondrocyte, stained for calcium, showing nucleus (N) and mitochondria (M)

References[edit]

^ Lee, T. J.; Jang, J.; Kang, S.; Jin, M.; Shin, H.; Kim, D. W.; Kim, B. S. (2013). "Enhancement of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells by mesodermal lineage induction with BMP-4 and FGF2 treatment". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 430 (2): 793–797. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.067. PMID 23206696. edit

Dominici M, Hofmann T, Horwitz E (2001). "Bone marrow mesenchymal cells: biological properties and clinical applications". J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 15 (1): 28–37. PMID 11388742.
Bianco P, Riminucci M, Gronthos S, Robey P (2001). "Bone marrow stromal stem cells: nature, biology, and potential applications". Stem Cells 19 (3): 180–92. doi:10.1634/stemcells.19-3-180. PMID 11359943.
Stem cell information

External links[edit]

BU Histology Learning System: 03317loa
Chondrocytes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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English Journal

Proton pump (H+/K+-ATPase) expression in human larynx.

Stevanović S1, Radić R2, Kačarević ŽP2, Bedeković V3, Aras I4, Baudoin T3, Šoš D5, Vrselja Z2, Ivkić M3.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2015 Dec;42(6):458-62. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.04.013. Epub 2015 May 21.
OBJECTIVE: The goal of our study was to investigate and to identify the existence of proton pump in different parts of larynx. The presence of acidic content in this area is known to be connected to several laryngeal diseases. It is mostly developed by upward recurrence of acidic gastric content, bu
PMID 26003879

Role of miR-140 in embryonic bone development and cancer.

Green D1, Dalmay T2, Fraser WD3.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2015 Nov 1;129(10):863-73. doi: 10.1042/CS20150230.
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PMID 26318829

TGF-β Suppresses Ift88 Expression in Chondrocytic ATDC5 Cells.

Kawasaki M1, Ezura Y1, Hayata T1, Notomi T1, Izu Y1, Noda M1.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Nov;230(11):2788-95. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25005.
Ift88 is an intraflagella transport protein, critical for the cilium, and has been shown to be required for the maintenance of chondrocytes and cartilage. However, how Ift88 is controlled by cytokines that play a role in osteoarthritis is not well understood. Therefore, we examined the effects of TG
PMID 25828538

Japanese Journal

Innate Immune Reactions Against RNA Viruses in Renal Mesangial Cells

Imaizumi Tadaatsu,Aizawa Tomomi,Tanaka Hiroshi,Sato Fuyuki,Xing Fei,Matsumiya Tomoh,Yoshida Hidemi,Satoh Kei
弘前医学 64(Supplement), S70-S73, 2013-04-02
… Treatment of cells with poly IC induced interferon-β （IFN-β）, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I（ RIG-I）, CC chemokine ligand 5（ CCL5）, differentiated embryo-chondrocyte 2（ DEC2） and IFN-stimulated gene 20 （ISG20）. …
NAID 120005230054

Gene expression analysis of cartilage-like components in pleomorphic adenoma

Kokubu Mayu,Tominaga Kazuya,Tanaka Akio
Journal of Osaka Dental University 47(1), 67-74, 2013-04-00
… The chondroid structure consists of chondrocyte-like cells that are associated with the cartilage lacunae of the basophilic matrix. …
NAID 110009603280

MAML1 Enhances the Transcriptional Activity of Runx2 and Plays a Role in Bone Development

Watanabe Takashi,Oyama Toshinao,Asada Maki,Harada Daisuke,Ito Yoshiaki,Inagawa Masayo,Suzuki Yutaka,Sugano Sumio,Katsube Ken-ichi,Karsenty Gerard,Komori Toshihisa,Kitagawa Motoo,Asahara Hiroshi
PLoS Genetics 9(1), e1003132, 2013-01-10
… We found that MAML1 enhances the transcriptional activity of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a transcription factor essential for osteoblastic differentiation and chondrocyte proliferation and maturation. … At E14.5, extended zone of collagen type II alpha 1 (Col2a1) and Sox9 expression, markers of chondrocyte differentiation, and decreased zone of collagen type X alpha 1 (Col10a1) expression, a marker of hypertrophic chondrocyte, were observed. …
NAID 120005230765