chisel

　 　 　

WordNet

1. carve with a chisel; "chisel the marble"
2. an edge tool with a flat steel blade with a cutting edge
3. a long chisel with a slightly bent cutting end; used for heavy prying or cleaning mortises
4. a chisel for working wood; it is either struck with a mallet or pushed by hand
5. a chisel with a thin blade for woodworking
6. steel used in making chisels
7. having a clean and distinct outline as if precisely cut along the edges; "a finely chiseled nose"; "well-defined features" (同)well-defined

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. のみ;(石・金属を彫る)たがね / …'を'のみで彫る / 《話》〈人〉'を'かたる,だます / のみで彫る / 《話》かたる
2. 彫刻する人 / 《話》詐欺師

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/11 12:19:32」(JST)

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This article is about the tool. For the American band, see Chisel (band). For the album by Australian band Cold Chisel, see Chisel (album).

Steel woodworking chisel.

Neolithic stone chisels from Schleswig-Holstein, Germany around 4100 to 2700 BCE

A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end, for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal by hand, struck with a mallet, or mechanical power. The handle and blade of some types of chisel are made of metal or of wood with a sharp edge in it.

Chisel use involves forcing the blade into some material to cut it. The driving force may be applied by pushing by hand, or by using a mallet or hammer. In industrial use, a hydraulic ram or falling weight ('trip hammer') drives a chisel into the material.

A gouge, one type of chisel, serves - particularly in woodworking, woodturning and sculpture - to carve small pieces from the material. Gouges most frequently produce concave surfaces. A gouge typically has a 'U'-shaped cross-section.

Use

A chisel (right) is used to remove wood to make space for a door hinge.

Chisels have a wide variety of uses. Many types of chisel have been devised, each specially suited to its intended use. Different types of chisel may be constructed quite differently, in terms of blade width or length, as well as shape and hardness of blade. They may have a wooden or plastic handle attached using a tang or socket, or may be made entirely of one piece of metal.

Woodworking

A sharp wood chisel in combination with a forstner wood drill bit is used to form this mortise for a half-lap joint in a timber frame.

A worker uses a chisel to put the finishing touches on a dovetail joint for a timber frame.

Woodworking chisels range from small hand tools for tiny details, to large chisels used to remove big sections of wood, in 'roughing out' the shape of a pattern or design. Typically, in woodcarving, one starts with a larger tool, and gradually progresses to smaller tools to finish the detail. One of the largest types of chisel is the slick, used in timber frame construction and wooden shipbuilding. There are many types of woodworking chisels used for specific purposes, such as:

• Butt chisel: short chisel with beveled sides and straight edge for creating joints.
• Carving chisels: used for intricate designs and sculpting; cutting edges are many; such as gouge, skew, parting, straight, paring, and V-groove.
• Corner chisel: resembles a punch and has an L-shaped cutting edge. Cleans out square holes, mortises and corners with 90 degree angles.
• Bevel edge chisel: can get into acute angles with its bevelled edges.
• Flooring chisel: cuts and lifts flooring materials for removal and repair; ideal for tongue-and-groove flooring.
• Framing chisel: usually used with mallet; similar to a butt chisel, except it has a longer, slightly flexible blade.
• Slick: a large chisel driven by manual pressure, never struck.
• Mortise chisel: thick, rigid blade with straight cutting edge and deep, slightly tapered sides to make mortises and similar joints.
• Paring chisel: has a long blade ideal for cleaning grooves and accessing tight spaces.
• Skew chisel: has a 60 degree cutting angle and is used for trimming and finishing.
• Dovetail chisel: made specifically for cutting dovetail joints. The difference being the thickness of the body of the chisel, as well as the angle of the edges, permitting easier access to the joint.

Lathe tools

A lathe tool is a woodworking chisel designed to cut wood as it is spun on a lathe. These tools have longer handles for more leverage, needed to counteract the tendency of the tool to react to the downward force of the spinning wood being cut or carved. In addition, the angle and method of sharpening is different; a secondary bevel would not be ground on the tool.

Metalworking

Chisels used in metal work can be divided into two main categories: hot chisels and cold chisels.

Cold chisel

Top: Bull point chisel

Bottom: Cold chisel

A cold chisel is a tool made of tempered steel used for cutting 'cold' metals, meaning that they are not used in conjunction with heating torches, forges, etc. Cold chisels are used to remove waste metal when a very smooth finish is not required or when the work cannot be done easily with other tools, such as a hacksaw, file, bench shears or power tools.

The name cold chisel comes from its use by blacksmiths to cut metal while it was cold as compared to other tools they used to cut hot metal. Because cold chisels are used to form metal, they have a less-acute angle to the sharp portion of the blade than a woodworking chisel. This gives the cutting edge greater strength at the expense of sharpness.

Cold chisels come in a variety of sizes, from fine engraving tools that are tapped with very light hammers, to massive tools that are driven with sledgehammers. Cold chisels are forged to shape and hardened and tempered (to a blue colour) at the cutting edge.

The head of the chisel is chamfered to slow down the formation of the mushroom shape caused by hammering and is left soft to withstand hammer blows.

There are four common types of cold chisels. These are the flat chisel, the most widely known type, which is used to cut bars and rods to reduce surfaces and to cut sheet metal that is too thick or difficult to cut with tin snips. The cross cut chisel is used for cutting grooves and slots. The blade narrows behind the cutting edge to provide clearance. The round nose chisel is used for cutting semi-circular grooves for oil ways in bearings. The diamond point chisel is used for cleaning out corners or difficult places and pulling over centre punch marks wrongly placed for drilling.

Although the vast majority of cold chisels are made of steel, a few are manufactured from beryllium copper, for use in special situations where non-sparking tools are required.

Hot chisel

A hot chisel is used to cut metal that has been heated in a forge to soften the metal. One type of hot chisel is the hotcut hardy, which is used in an anvil hardy hole with the cutting edge facing up. The hot workpiece to be cut is placed over the chisel and struck with a hammer. The hammer drives the workpiece into the chisel, which allows it to be snapped off with a pair of tongs. This tool is also often used in combination with a "top fuller" type of hotcut, when the piece being cut is particularly large.

Stone

A toothed stone chisel, used by stone sculptors and stonemasons

Stone chisels are used to carve or cut stone, bricks or concrete slabs. To cut, as opposed to carve, a brick bolster is used; this has a wide, flat blade that is tapped along the cut line to produce a groove, then hit hard in the centre to crack the stone. Sculptors use a spoon chisel, which is bent, with the bevel on both sides. To increase the force, stone chisels are often hit with club hammers, a heavier type of hammer.

Masonry

A bolster chisel

Masonry chisels are typically heavy, with a relatively dull head that wedges and breaks, rather than cuts. Normally used as a demolition tool, they may be mounted on a hammer drill, jack hammer, or hammered manually, usually with a heavy hammer of three pounds or more. These chisels normally have an SDS, SDS-MAX, or 1-1/8" Hex connection. Types of masonry chisels include the following:

• Moil (point) chisels
• Flat chisels
• Asphalt cutters
• Carbide bushing tools
• Clay spade
• Flexible chisels
• Tamper

A plugging chisel has a tapered edge for cleaning out hardened mortar. The chisel is held with one hand and struck with a hammer. The direction of the taper in the blade determines if the chisel cuts deep or runs shallow along the joint.

Gouge

Different gouges and a wooden mallet

A modern gouge is similar to a chisel except its blade edge is not flat, but instead is curved or angled in cross-section. The modern version is generally hafted inline, the blade and handle typically having the same long axis. If the bevel of the blade is on the outer surface of the curve the gouge is called an 'outcannel' gouge, otherwise it is known as an 'incannel' gouge. Gouges with angled rather than curved blades are often called 'V-gouges' or 'vee-parting tools'.

The blade geometry is defined by a semi-standardized numbering system that varies by manufacturer and country of origin. For each gouge a "sweep number" is specified that expresses the part of a circle defined by the curve of the blade. The sweep number usually ranges from #1, or flat, up to #9, a semi-circle, with additional specialized gouges at higher numbers, such as the U-shaped #11, and a v-tool or parting tool, which may be an even higher number such as #41. In addition to sweep, gouges are also specified by the distance from one edge of the blade to the other (this corresponds to the chord of the circle section defined by the edge of the blade). Putting these pieces together, two numbers are used to specify the shape of the cutting edge of a gouge, such as a '#7-20mm'. Some manufacturers provide charts with the sweeps of their blades shown graphically.

In addition to varying blade sweeps, bevels, and widths, blade variations include:

• 'Crank-neck' gouges, in which the blade is offset from the handle by a small distance, to allow working flat to a surface
• 'Spoon-bent' gouges, in which the blade is curved along its length, to allow working in a hollow not otherwise accessible with a straight bladed gouge
• 'Fishtail' gouges, in which the blade is very narrow for most of its length and then broadens out near the working edge, to allow working in tight spaces.

All of these specialized gouges allow a craftsperson to cut into areas that may not be possible with a regular, straight-bladed gouge.

The cutting shape of a gouge may also be held in an adze, roughly as the shape of a modern-day mattock.

Gouges are used in woodworking and arts. For example, a violin luthier uses gouges to carve the violin, a cabinetmaker may use it for running flutes or paring curves, or an artist may produce a piece of art by cutting some bits out of a sheet of linoleum (see also Linocut).

Gouges were found at a number of historic Bronze Age hoards found in Great Britain.

See also

• Burin
• Digging bar
• Slick (tool)

References

Bibliography

• Reader's Digest Book of Skills & Tools ISBN 0-89577-469-0

English Journal

• Objective Analysis of Impressed Chisel Toolmarks.

• Spotts R1, Chumbley LS1.
• Journal of forensic sciences.J Forensic Sci.2015 Aug 6. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12863. [Epub ahead of print]
• Historical and recent challenges to the practice of comparative forensic examination have created a driving force for the formation of objective methods for toolmark identification. In this study, fifty sequentially manufactured chisels were used to create impression toolmarks in lead (500 toolmarks
• PMID 26250933

• [Deformities around the knee after growth plate injuries : Analysis and correction].

• Senghaas A1, Dickschas J, Strecker W.
• Der Orthopäde.Orthopade.2015 Aug;44(8):607-16. doi: 10.1007/s00132-015-3128-6.
• INTRODUCTION: Growth plate injuries of the distal femur and the proximal tibia are rare, but may induce deformities around the knee. The type of primary injury and the patient's age at the time of injury influence the extent and complexity of the deformity.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients (medi
• PMID 26091941

• Corn stover harvest increases herbicide movement to subsurface drains - Root Zone Water Quality Model simulations.

• Shipitalo MJ1, Malone RW1, Ma L2, Nolan BT3, Kanwar RS4, Shaner DL2, Pederson CH4.
• Pest management science.Pest Manag Sci.2015 Jul 29. doi: 10.1002/ps.4087. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: Crop residue removal for bioenergy production can alter soil hydrologic properties and the movement of agrochemicals to subsurface drains. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM), previously calibrated using measured flow and atrazine concentrations in drainage from a 0.4 ha chisel-til
• PMID 26224526

• Osteoectomy in Rhinoplasty: A New Concept in Nasal Bones Repositioning.

• Çakr B1, Finocchi V, Tambasco D, Öreroğlu AR, Doğan T.
• Annals of plastic surgery.Ann Plast Surg.2015 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: Modern techniques of osteotomy have evolved to take into account the effects of bony repositioning on functional as well as aesthetic outcomes. Although a variety of methods have been described to appropriately mobilize and reposition the bony nasal vault, there is still no single proced
• PMID 26207562

Japanese Journal

• チゼル式不耕起播種機の開発 : ムギ跡ダイズ作における試作機の性能

• 農業食料工学会誌 = Journal of the Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers 78(2), 154-163, 2016-03
• NAID 40020758843

• 法隆寺夢違観音菩薩立像の切削研磨程度と鋳造技術

• Fusus : アジア鋳造技術史学会誌 : journal of the Society for the History of Asian Casting Technology (8), 67-74, 2016-02
• NAID 40020842553

• 「一打の鑿」の身体性 : 木村素衞の表現論における学びのダイナミズム

• ホリスティック教育研究 = Studies in holistic education (19), 29-41, 2016
• NAID 40020897561

• 現代石工の身体技法(2)香川県小豆島における花崗岩を割る技術

• 日本情報考古学会講演論文集 = Papers and proceedings of Japan Society for Archaeological Information 16, 49-51, 2016
• NAID 40020809758

Related Links

• Chisel - definition of chisel by The Free Dictionary

chisel left: cold metal chisel with a flat head top to bottom: cape, round-nose, and diamond-point metal chisel heads chis·el (chĭz′əl) n. A metal tool with a sharp beveled edge, used to cut and shape stone, wood, or metal. v. chis·eled, ...

• Chisel | Define Chisel at Dictionary.com - Dictionary.com ...

Chisel definition, a wedgelike tool with a cutting edge at the end of the blade, often made of steel, used for cutting or shaping wood, stone, etc. See more. Dictionary.com Word of the Day Translate Games Blog Thesaurus.com ...

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