Chest pain
| ICD-10 |
R07 |
| ICD-9 |
786.5 |
| MedlinePlus |
003079 |
Chest pain may be a symptom of a number of serious conditions and is generally considered a medical emergency. Even though it may be determined that the pain is non-cardiac in origin, this is often a diagnosis of exclusion made after ruling out more serious causes of the pain.
|
Contents
- 1 Differential diagnosis
- 1.1 Cardiovascular
- 1.2 Respiratory
- 1.3 Gastrointestinal
- 1.4 Chest wall
- 1.5 Psychological
- 1.6 Others
- 2 Diagnostic approach
- 3 Management
- 4 Epidemiology
- 5 References
|
Differential diagnosis
Causes of chest pain range from non-serious to serious to life threatening.[1] DiagnosisPro lists more than 440 causes on its website.[2]
Cardiovascular
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Unstable Angina Pectoris - requiring emergency medical treatment but not primary intervention as in a myocardial infarction.
- Myocardial infarction ("heart attack")[3]
- Aortic dissection
- Pericarditis and cardiac tamponade
- Arrhythmia - atrial fibrillation and a number of other arrhythmias can cause chest pain.
- Stable angina pectoris - this can be treated medically and although it warrants investigation, it is not an emergency in its strictest sense
- Myocarditis
- Mitral valve prolapse syndrome
- Aortic aneurysm
Respiratory
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pneumonia
- Hemothorax
- Pneumothorax and Tension pneumothorax
- Pleurisy - an inflammation which can cause painful respiration
- Tuberculosis
- Pulmonary infarct
- Tracheitis
- Lung malignancy
Gastrointestinal
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other causes of heartburn
- Hiatus hernia
- Achalasia, nutcracker esophagus and other neuromuscular disorders of the esophagus
- Functional dyspepsia
Chest wall
- Costochondritis or Tietze's syndrome - a benign and harmless form of osteochondritis often mistaken for heart disease
- Spinal nerve problem
- Fibromyalgia
- Chest wall problems
- Radiculopathy
- Precordial catch syndrome - another benign and harmless form of a sharp, localised chest pain often mistaken for heart disease
- Breast conditions
- Herpes zoster commonly known as shingles
- Tuberculosis
- Osteoarthritis
- Bornholm disease
Psychological
- Panic attack
- Anxiety
- Clinical depression
- Somatization disorder
- Hypochondria
Others
- Hyperventilation syndrome often presents with chest pain and a tingling sensation of the fingertips and around the mouth
- Da costa's syndrome
- Bornholm disease - a viral disease that can mimic many other conditions
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Sarcoidosis
- Lead poisoning
- High abdominal pain may also mimic chest pain
- Prolapsed intervertebral disc
- Thoracic outlet syndrome
Diagnostic approach
In the emergency department the typical approach to chest pain involves ruling out the most dangerous causes: heart attack, pulmonary embolism, thoracic aortic dissection, esophageal rupture, tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade. By elimination or confirmation of the most serious causes, a diagnosis of the origin of the pain may be made. Often, no definite cause will be found and reassurance is then provided.[1]
If acute coronary syndrome ("unstable angina") is suspected, many people are admitted briefly for observation, sequential ECGs, and determination of cardiac enzymes over time. On occasion, further tests on follow up may determine the cause. TIMI score performed at time of admission may help stratify risk.
As in all medicine, a careful medical history and physical examination is essential in separating dangerous from trivial causes of disease, and the management of chest pain may be done on specialised units (termed medical assessment units) to concentrate the investigations. A rapid diagnosis can be life-saving and often has to be made without the help of X-rays or blood tests (e.g. aortic dissection). Occasionally, invisible medical signs will direct the diagnosis towards particular causes, such as Levine's sign in cardiac ischemia. Generally, however, additional tests are required to establish the diagnosis.
Knowing a patient's risk factors can be extremely useful in ruling in or ruling out serious causes of chest pain. For example, heart attack and thoracic aortic dissection are very rare in healthy individuals under 30 years of age, but significantly more common in individuals with significant risk factors, such as older age, smoking, hypertension, currently smoking, diabetes, history of coronary artery disease, stroke, or past heart attack. A focus on recent health changes, family history (premature atherosclerosis, cholesterol disorders), heart attack at early age, tobacco smoking, diabetes and other risk factors is often useful in determining a patient's individual risk.
Features of the pain suggestive of cardiac ischaemia are describing the pain as heaviness; radiation of the pain to the neck, jaw or left arm; sweating; nausea; palpitations; the pain being felt upon exertion; dizziness; shortness of breath; and a "sense of impending doom."
On the basis of the above, a number of tests may be ordered:
- X-rays of the chest and/or abdomen (CT scanning may be better but is often not available). Routine X-rays and CT may however not be needed.[4]
- An electrocardiogram (ECG)
- V/Q scintigraphy or CT pulmonary angiogram(when a pulmonary embolism is suspected)
- Blood tests:
- Complete blood count
- Electrolytes and renal function (creatinine)
- Liver enzymes
- Creatine kinase (and CK-MB fraction in many hospitals)
- Troponin I or T (to indicate myocardial damage)
- D-dimer (when suspicion for pulmonary embolism is present but low)
- serum lipase to exclude acute pancreatitis
Management
In people with chest pain supplemental oxygen is not needed unless the oxygen saturations are less than 94% or there are signs of respiratory distress.[5][6] Entonox is frequently used by EMS personnel in the prehospital environment.[7] There is however little evidence about its effectiveness.[8][9]
Epidemiology
Chest pain is the presenting symptom in about 12% of emergency department visits in the United States and has a one year mortality of about 5%.[10]
References
- ^ a b Woo KM, Schneider JI (November 2009). "High-risk chief complaints I: chest pain--the big three". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 27 (4): 685–712, x. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2009.07.007. PMID 19932401.
- ^ "Differential Diagnosis For Chest Pain: Poisoning (Specific Agent)". http://en.diagnosispro.com/differential_diagnosis-for/poisoning-specific-agent-chest-pain/24567-154-100.html.
- ^ Mallinson, T (2010). "Myocardial Infarction". Focus on First Aid (15): 15. http://www.focusonfirstaid.co.uk/Magazine/issue15/index.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ Hess EP, Perry JJ, Ladouceur P, Wells GA, Stiell IG (March 2010). "Derivation of a clinical decision rule for chest radiography in emergency department patients with chest pain and possible acute coronary syndrome". CJEM 12 (2): 128–34. PMID 20219160.
- ^ "Highlights of the 2010 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC". American Heart Association. http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@ecc/documents/downloadable/ucm_317350.pdf.
- ^ O'Connor, RE; Brady, W, Brooks, SC, Diercks, D, Egan, J, Ghaemmaghami, C, Menon, V, O'Neil, BJ, Travers, AH, Yannopoulos, D (2010-11-02). "Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.". Circulation 122 (18 Suppl 3): S787–817. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971028. PMID 20956226.
- ^ Castle, N (2003 Feb). "Effective relief of acute coronary syndrome.". Emergency nurse : the journal of the RCN Accident and Emergency Nursing Association 10 (9): 15–9. PMID 12655961.
- ^ "Entonox for the Treatment of Undiagnosed Chest Pain: Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines". Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/K0089_Entonox_for_the_Treatment_of_Undiagnosed_Chest_Pain_final.pdf. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ O'Connor, RE; Brady, W, Brooks, SC, Diercks, D, Egan, J, Ghaemmaghami, C, Menon, V, O'Neil, BJ, Travers, AH, Yannopoulos, D (2010-11-02). "Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.". Circulation 122 (18 Suppl 3): S787–817. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971028. PMID 20956226.
- ^ Stephen J. Dubner; Steven D. Levitt (2009). SuperFreakonomics: Tales of Altruism, Terrorism, and Poorly Paid Prostitutes. New York: William Morrow. p. 77. ISBN 0-06-088957-8.
|
Pain and nociception
|
|
| By region/system |
|
HEENT
|
Headache · Neck · Odynophagia (swallowing) · Otalgia (ear) · Toothache
|
|
|
Chest pain
|
|
Cardiovascular system
|
Angina pectoris
|
|
|
Respiratory system
|
Sore throat · Pleurodynia
|
|
|
Breast
|
Mastodynia (Breast)
|
|
|
|
Musculoskeletal
|
Arthralgia (joint) · Bone pain · Myalgia (muscle) · Muscle soreness: Acute / Delayed onset
|
|
|
Neurologic
|
Congenital insensitivity to pain · HSAN (Type I, II congenital sensory neuropathy, III familial dysautonomia, IV congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, V congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis) · Neuralgia · Pain asymbolia · Pain disorder · Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder · Allodynia · Chronic pain · Hyperalgesia · Hypoalgesia · Hyperpathia · Phantom pain · Referred pain
|
|
|
Abdominal pain
|
|
Urogenital
|
Dysuria · Pelvic pain · Dyspareunia · Testicular pain
|
|
|
Gastrointestinal
|
Proctalgia
|
|
|
|
Back
|
Upper · Lower
|
|
|
| Tests |
Cold pressor test · Dolorimeter · Hot plate test · Tail flick test
|
|
| Related concepts |
Anterolateral system · Pain management (Anesthesia, Cordotomy) · Pain scale · Pain threshold · Pain tolerance · Posteromarginal nucleus · Substance P · Suffering · OPQRST · Philosophy of pain · Cancer pain
|
|
|
|
anat (n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp
|
noco (m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
|
proc, drug (N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
|
|
|
|
anat (h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys (r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp
|
noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
|
|
|
|
|
|
Symptoms and signs: respiratory system (R04–R07, 786)
|
|
| Hemorrhage |
|
|
Abnormalities
of breathing |
- Respiratory sounds
- Stridor
- Wheeze
- Crackles
- Rhonchi
- Hamman's sign
- Apnea
- Dyspnea
- Hyperventilation/Hypoventilation
- Hyperpnea/Tachypnea/Hypopnea/Bradypnea
- Orthopnea/Platypnea
- Trepopnea
- Biot's respiration
- Cheyne–Stokes respiration
- Kussmaul breathing
- Hiccup
- Mouth breathing/Snoring
- Breath holding
|
|
| Other |
- Asphyxia
- Cough
- Pleurisy
- Sputum
- Respiratory arrest
- Hypercapnia/Hypocapnia
- Pectoriloquy: Whispered pectoriloquy
- Egophony
- Bronchophony
|
|
| Chest, general |
- Chest pain
- Precordial catch syndrome
|
|
|
|
anat (n, x, l, c)/phys/devp
|
noco (c, p)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
|
proc, drug (R1/2/3/5/6/7)
|
|
|
|
