WordNet

Eurasian plant with apple-scented foliage and white-rayed flowers and feathery leaves used medicinally; in some classification systems placed in genus Anthemis (同)camomile, Chamaemelum nobilis, Anthemis nobilis
annual Eurasian herb similar in fragrance and medicinal uses to chamomile though taste is more bitter and effect is considered inferior (同)wild chamomile, German_chamomile, Matricaria recutita, Matricaria chamomilla
Eurasian perennial herb with hairy divided leaves and yellow flowers; naturalized in North America (同)golden marguerite, dyers'' chamomile, Anthemis tinctoria
any of various autumn-flowering perennials having white or pink to purple flowers that resemble asters; wild in moist soils from New Jersey to Florida and Texas
European white-flowered weed naturalized in North America (同)field chamomile, corn mayweed, Anthemis arvensis

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カミツレ(においの良い白と黄の花のキク科の植物)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/15 04:07:49」(JST)

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German chamomile

Roman chamomile

Chamomile or camomile (/ˈkæməˌmaɪl, -ˌmiːl/ KAM-ə-myl or KAM-ə-meel^[1]^[2]) is the common name for several daisy-like plants of the family Asteraceae that are commonly used to make herb infusions to serve various medicinal purposes. Popular uses of chamomile preparations include treating hay fever, inflammation, muscle spasms, menstrual disorders, insomnia, ulcers, gastrointestinal disorders, and haemorrhoids.^[3] Camomile tea is also used to treat skin conditions such as eczema, chickenpox and psoriasis.^[4]

Etymology

The word "chamomile" derives, via French and Latin, from Greek χαμαίμηλον (khamaimēlon), i.e. "earth apple", from χαμαί (khamai) "on the ground" and μῆλον (mēlon) "apple".^[5]^[6] The more common British spelling "camomile," is the older one in English, while the spelling "chamomile" corresponds to the Latin and Greek source.^[7] The spelling camomile more accurately corresponds to the more immediate derivation from French.^[8]

Species

Some commonly used species include:

Matricaria chamomilla (also known as Water of Youth'),^[9] German chamomile^[10] or wild chamomile, the most commonly used species
Chamaemelum nobile, Roman, English or garden chamomile, also frequently used,^[10] (C. nobile ‘Treneague’ is normally used to create a chamomile lawn).^[11]

Loose leaf chamomile tea

A number of other species' common names include the word "chamomile". This does not mean they are used in the same manner as the species used in the herbal tea known as "chamomile." Plants including the common name "chamomile," of the family Asteraceae, are:

Anthemis arvensis, corn, scentless or field chamomile
Anthemis cotula, stinking chamomile
Cladanthus mixtus, Moroccan chamomile
Cota tinctoria, dyer's, golden, oxeye, or yellow chamomile
Eriocephalus punctulatus, Cape chamomile
Matricaria discoidea, wild chamomile or pineapple weed
Tripleurospermum inodorum, wild, scentless or false chamomile

Tea / Herbal Infusion

Chamomile 'tea' is an herbal infusion made from dried chamomile flowers and hot water, though does not contain black, green, yellow or white tea (Camellia sinensis). There are two main types of chamomile that are used to produce the infusion; German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile). Chamomile 'tea' is said to be a digestive relaxant.^[12]

Medical use

German Chamomile has been used for treatment of inflammation associated with hemorrhoids when topically applied.^[13] There is level B evidence that German chamomile possesses anti-anxiety properties and could be used to treat stress and insomnia.^[9]

Pharmacology

Major chemical compounds present within chamomile include apigenin and alpha-bisabolol.^[3]^[9] Other compounds in chamomile include: sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins such as herniarin and umbelliferone, phenylpropanoids such as chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, flavones such as apigenin and luteolin, flavanols such as quercetin and rutin, and polyacetylenes.^[3]^[13] Apigenin has demonstrated chemopreventive effects against cancer cells in the laboratory,^[14] and alpha-bisabolol has been shown to have antiseptic properties, anti-inflammatory properties, and reduces pepsin secretion without altering secretion of stomach acid.^[13]

Anticancer effect – Studies have shown that chamomile extracts have in vitro growth inhibitory effects on cancer cells in skin, prostate, breast, ovarian, prostate cancer cell lines with minimal effects on normal cells.^[3]

Anticoagulant effect – Coumarin compounds in chamomile such as herniarin and umbelliferone may have blood-thinning properties. However, the mechanism is not well understood.^[15]

Antiinflammatory effect – Several chemical constituents of chamomile such as bisabolol, chamazulene, apigenin, and luteolin possess anti-inflammatory properties although the exact mechanism is not well characterized.^[3]

Antispasmodic/antidiarrheal effects – Bisabolol and flavonoids have demonstrated antispasmodic effects in animal experiments. In human studies, chamomile tea in combination with other herbs (vervain, licorice, fennel, balm mint) was shown to be effective in treating colic in children. Flavonoids and coumarins are considered smooth muscle relaxants.^[3]^[16]

CNS/sensory effects - Chemical compounds present within chamomile bind to GABA receptors, modulate monoamine neurotransmission, and have neuroendocrine effects.^[9]

Drug interactions

Apigenin and other compounds may interact with medications causing drug-drug interactions, some of the possible interactions include those with antiplatelet agents, anticoagulant agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.^{[citation needed]} Apigenin was found to interact with antiarrhythmic agents and antihypertensive agents in animal research. Other interactions include those against sedative agents, antibiotic agents, and antianxiety agents. Remarkable symptoms are exacerbation of effects of these agents that are used in combination with chamomile.^{[citation needed]}

Adverse reactions

People who are allergic to ragweed (also in the daisy family) may also be allergic to chamomile, due to cross-reactivity.^[17]^[18] However, there is still some debate as to whether people with reported allergies to chamomile were actually exposed to chamomile and not a plant of similar appearance.^[3]^[10]

Pregnancy / Lactation

Because chamomile has been known to cause uterine contractions that can invoke miscarriage, the U.S. National Institutes of Health recommends that pregnant and nursing mothers not consume Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile).^[19]

Cosmetic applications

Chamomile is frequently added to skin cosmetics to serve as an emollient, and for its anti-inflammatory effects. Chamomile is also often used to enhance the color of blonde hair.^[17]

Agriculture

The chamomile plant is known to be susceptible to many fungi, insects, and viruses. Fungi such as Albugo tragopogonis (white rust), Cylindrosporium matricariae, Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery mildew), and Sphaerotheca macularis (powdery mildew) are known pathogens of the chamomile plant.^[13] Aphids have been observed feeding on chamomile plants and the moth Autographa chryson causes defoliation.^[13]

Oil

German chamomile oil is used as a diffuser for aromatherapy benefits; and is also used to treat wounds and be blended with other essential oils such as lavender and rose.

Research

Chemical components of chamomile extract have demonstrated anti-inflammatory,^[3]^[17] antihyperglycemic,^[3] and anticancer properties^[3] when examined in test tubes and in animal studies.^[20]

References

^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, eds., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
^ "chamomile". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Srivastava, JK; Shankar, E; Gupta, S (November 2010). "Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future". Molecular medicine reports. 3 (6): 895–901. doi:10.3892/mmr.2010.377. PMC 2995283. PMID 21132119.
^ "Chamomile-Topic Overview". WebMD. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ χαμαίμηλον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition, entry "camomile | chamomile"
^ "Chamomile - Define Chamomile at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sarris, J; Panossian, A; Schweitzer, I; Stough, C; Scholey, A (December 2011). "Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety, and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence". European neuropsychopharmacology. 21 (12): 841–860. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002. PMID 21601431.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Chamomile". NYU Langone Medical Center. 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ "Camomile lawn". rhs.org. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
^ Srivastava, JK; Shankar, E; Gupta, S (November 2010). "Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future". Mol Med Rep. 3: 895–901. doi:10.3892/mmr.2010.377. PMC 2995283. PMID 21132119.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Singh, O; Khanam, Z; Misra, N; Srivastava, MK (January 2011). "Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview.". Pharmacognosy reviews. 5 (9): 82–95. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.79103. PMC 3210003. PMID 22096322.
^ Patel, Deendayal; Shukla, Sanjeev; Gupta, Sanjay (2007). "Apigenin and cancer chemoprevention: Progress, potential and promise (Review)". International Journal of Oncology. 30 (1): 233–45. doi:10.3892/ijo.30.1.233. PMID 17143534.
^ Miller, LG (1998). "Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions". Arch. Intern. Med. 158 (20): 220–2211. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2200. PMID 9818800. ^{[better source needed]}
^ Gardiner, P (2007). "Complementary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine: Chamomile". Pediatric Review. 28 (4): 16–18. PMID 17400821.
^ ^a ^b ^c Baumann, LS (2007). "Less-known botanical cosmeceuticals". Dermatologic therapy. 20 (5): 330–342. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00147.x. PMID 18045358.
^ National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (2012). "Chamomile". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
^ "Roman chamomile: MedlinePlus". MedlinePlus. National Institutes of Health. 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
^ "Chamomile (German) | Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center". Mskcc.org. 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2012-07-06.

External links

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita, Chamaemelum nobile) medical and therapeutic information on MedlinePlus
Chamomile fact sheet, NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
Roman chamomile, the National Cancer Institute
PLANTS Profile: Anthemis tinctoria L. (golden chamomile), USDA
Texts on Wikisource:
- "Chamomile". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Chamomile". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Effects of food formulation and thermal processing on flavones in celery and chamomile.

Hostetler GL, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ.SourceDepartment of Food Science and Technology, 110 Parker Food Science Building, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Nov 15;141(2):1406-11. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.051. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
Flavones isolated from celery varied in their stability and susceptibility to deglycosylation during thermal processing at pH 3, 5, or 7. Apigenin 7-O-apiosylglucoside was converted to apigenin 7-O-glucoside when heated at pH 3 and 100°C. Apigenin 7-O-glucoside showed little conversion or degradati
PMID 23790931

Coumarins of Matricaria chamomilla L.: Aglycones and glycosides.

Petruľová-Poracká V, Repčák M, Vilková M, Imrich J.SourceInstitute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovak Republic.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Nov 1;141(1):54-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.004. Epub 2013 Mar 14.
The identity and quantity of coumarin-like compounds in leaves and anthodia of Matricaria chamomilla L. were studied by LC-DAD and NMR. So far, two monosubstituted coumarins, herniarin and umbelliferone, and two herniarin precursors were identified therein. In this paper, two other coumarin glycosid
PMID 23768326

Chromium Uptake and Consequences for Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Chamomile Plants.

Kovacik J, Babula P, Klejdus B, Hedbavny J.AbstractChromium Cr(III) toxicity towards chamomile metabolism and oxidative stress-related parameters after 7 days of exposure was studied. Cr preferentially accumulated in the roots and evoked extensive both dose-dependent and dose-independent increase in fluorescence signal of ROS, NO and thiols. Superoxide increased mainly at the highest Cr dose while H2O2 accumulation revealed discontinuous trend in relation to external Cr supply and this could be owing to variation in activities of peroxidases. Glutathione and ascorbate quantification, using LC-MS/MS equipment, revealed strong stimulation despite low shoot Cr amounts. Phenolic enzyme activities, except for PAL, were depressed by Cr presence while phenolic metabolites were stimulated indicating various time dynamics. Among free amino acids, their sum and even proline decreased in the roots while soluble proteins increased. Mineral nutrients showed negligible responses with only Zn and Cu being depleted in both shoots and roots. Cr staining using Cr(III)-specific (naphthalimide-rhodamine) and metal non-specific (Phen GreenTM) dyes indicated that the former correlated well with AAS quantification of Cr amount. Use of Phen Green is also discussed. These data indicate that Cr-induced oxidative stress is not only a simple function of exposure time and applied concentration. Microscopic observations in terms of oxidative stress and chromium uptake are presented here for the first time.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.J Agric Food Chem.2013 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
Chromium Cr(III) toxicity towards chamomile metabolism and oxidative stress-related parameters after 7 days of exposure was studied. Cr preferentially accumulated in the roots and evoked extensive both dose-dependent and dose-independent increase in fluorescence signal of ROS, NO and thiols. Superox
PMID 23889288

Effectiveness of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), MTAD and sodium hypochlorite irrigants on smear layer.

Venkataram V, Gokhale ST, Kenchappa M, Nagarajappa R.SourceDepartment of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rama Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, # A/1-8, Lakhanpur, Kanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India, vatsalashankar@yahoo.co.in.
European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry.Eur Arch Paediatr Dent.2013 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Endodontic success depends heavily on effective chemo-mechanical debridement of root canals through the use of instruments and irrigating solutions.OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of chamomile hydroalcoholic extract, Biopure™ mixture of tetracycline isomer, acid and detergent (
PMID 23872885

Japanese Journal

混合ハーブ抽出物と2つの生薬からなる新規ハーブ混合物の抗糖化作用 : 短期および長期の影響

田村隆朗,八木雅之,埜本慶太郎,米井嘉一
同志社大学理工学研究報告 52(4), [244]-252, 2012-01
… HME was produced using hot water extraction from Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile), Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn berry), Houttuynia cordata (dokudami), and Vitis vinifera (grape leaf). …
NAID 110008792051

カモミール茶並びにローズヒップ+ハイビスカス茶の1回摂取と4週間連続摂取が感情と脳波左右偏側性に与える影響

清水やよい,森谷 [キヨシ],金澤康子 [他]
Aroma research 12(2), 166-171, 2011
NAID 40018866486

青年女性においてカモミール茶並びにローズヒップ+ハイビスカス茶の1回摂取と4週間連続摂取がもたらすストレス軽減効果

清水やよい,森谷 [キヨシ],金澤康子 [他]
Aroma research 12(1), 64-68, 2011
NAID 40018743609

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