WordNet
- relating to cells; "cellular walls"; "cellular physiology"
- characterized by or divided into or containing cells or compartments (the smallest organizational or structural unit of an organism or organization); "the cellular construction of a beehive"; "any effective opposition to a totalitarian regime must be secretive and cellular"
- (phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language (同)speech sound, sound
- a unit of subjective loudness
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈U〉〈C〉『電話』;〈C〉『電話機』,受話器 / …‘に'『電話をかける』 / 『電話をかける』
- 音(おん),音声単音
- 細胞の,細胞質の,細胞状の / 小室(小区画)のある / (生地など)目の透いている
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/22 11:36:15」(JST)
wiki en
"Cell Phone" redirects here. For the film, see Cell Phone (film). For the Handphone film, see Handphone (film).
The Qualcomm QCP-2700, a mid-1990s candybar style phone, and an iPhone 4S, a current production smartphone.
A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.
The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell[1][2][3]and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg).[4] In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.[5][6][7][8]
Contents
|
History
Main article: History of mobile phones
An evolution of mobile phones
Inventor Charles E. Alden claimed, in the 29 April 1906 issue of the New York World, to have invented a device called the “vest pocket telephone" although Alden never had the chance to produce this device in large quantities.[9][10][11]
The first mobile telephone calls were made from cars in 1946. Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service was made on 17 June in St. Louis, Missouri, followed by Illinois Bell Telephone Company's car radiotelephone service in Chicago on 2 October. [12] The MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed over 80 pounds (36 kg).[13][14] There were initially only 3 channels for all the users in the metropolitan area, increasing later to 32 channels across 3 bands. This service continued into the 1980s in large portions of North America. Due to the small number of radio frequencies available, the service quickly reached capacity. In 1956, the world’s first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was introduced in Sweden.
John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.[15][16] Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, was the key researcher on Mitchell's team that developed the first hand-held mobile telephone for use on a cellular network.[17] Using a somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on 3 April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.[18][19]
As I walked down the street while talking on the phone, sophisticated New Yorkers gaped at the sight of someone actually moving around while making a phone call. Remember that in 1973, there weren't cordless telephones or cellular phones. I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter - probably one of the more dangerous things I have ever done in my life.—Martin Cooper, [20]
The new invention sold for $3,995 and weighed two pounds, leading to a nickname "the brick".
The world's first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.[21] Several countries then followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.
On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAc mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to hit the market.[22] The phone had a talk time of just half an hour and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.[23][24]
In 1991, the second generation (2G) cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators.
Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.[25] This was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access (HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.
By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media.[26] Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.
Features
Main article: Mobile phone features
See also: Smartphone
A printed circuit board inside a Nokia 3210
All mobile phones have a number of features in common, but manufacturers also try to differentiate their own products by implementing additional functions to make them more attractive to consumers. This has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the past 20 years.
The common components found on all phones are:
- A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions.
- An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone. The most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in some high-end smartphones.
- Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages.
- All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among devices. Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called a R-UIM.
- Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number.
Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, and offer basic telephony. Handsets with more advanced computing ability through the use of native software applications became known as smartphones.
Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM BlackBerry focusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson Walkman series of musicphones and Cybershot series of cameraphones; the Nokia Nseries of multimedia phones, the Palm Pre the HTC Dream and the Apple iPhone.
Text messaging
Main article: SMS
The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.
The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000, and subsequently many organizations provided "on-demand" and "instant" news services by SMS.
SIM card
Main articles: Subscriber Identity Module and Removable User Identity Module
Typical mobile phone SIM card
GSM feature phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM Card, to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) and the Ki used to identify and authenticate the user of the mobile phone. The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device.
The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja.
Multi-card hybrid phones
A hybrid mobile phone can hold up to four SIM cards. SIM and RUIM cards may be mixed together to allow both GSM and CDMA networks to be accessed.[27][28]
From 2010 onwards they became popular in India and Indonesia and other emerging markets,[29] attributed to the desire to obtain the lowest on-net calling rate. In Q3 2011, Nokia shipped 18 million of its low cost dual SIM phone range in an attempt to make up lost ground in the higher end smartphone market.[30]
Kosher phones
There are Jewish orthodox religious restrictions which standard mobile telephones do not meet. To fulfill this demand, phones without Internet access, text messaging or cameras are required.[31] These restricted phones are known as kosher phones and have rabbinical approval for use in Israel and elsewhere by observant Orthodox Jews. Some are even approved for use by essential workers (such as health, security and public services) on the sabbath, even though use of any electrical device is restricted.[32]
Although these phones are intended to prevent immodesty, some vendors report good sales to adults who prefer the simplicity of the devices.
Mobile phone operators
Main article: Mobile phone operator
Global mobile phone subscribers per country from 1980-2009. The growth in users has been exponential since they were first made available.
The world's largest individual mobile operator by subscribers is China Mobile with over 500 million mobile phone subscribers.[33] Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each, and over 150 mobile operators had at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009.[34] In February 2010, there were 6 billion mobile phone subscribers, a number that is expected to grow.[5]
Manufacturers
See also: List of best-selling mobile phones
| Quantity Market Shares by Gartner (New Sales) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRAND | Percent | |||
| Nokia 2010 |
|
28.9% | ||
| Nokia 2011 |
|
23.8% | ||
| Samsung 2010 |
|
17.6% | ||
| Samsung 2011 |
|
17.7% | ||
| Apple 2010 |
|
2.9% | ||
| Apple 2011 |
|
5.0% | ||
| LG Electronics 2010 |
|
7.1% | ||
| LG Electronics 2011 |
|
4.9% | ||
| ZTE 2010 |
|
1.9% | ||
| ZTE 2011 |
|
3.2% | ||
| Others-1 2010 |
|
30.4% | ||
| Others-1 2011 |
|
33.7% | ||
| Note: Others-1 consist of Sony Ericsson, Motorola, ZTE, HTC and Huawei.(2009-2010) | ||||
Prior to 2010, Nokia was the market leader. However, since then competition emerged in the Asia Pacific region with brands such as Micromax, Nexian, and i-Mobile and chipped away at Nokia's market share. Android powered smartphones also gained momentum across the region at the expense of Nokia. In India, their market share also dropped significantly to around 31 percent from 56 percent in the same period. Their share was displaced by Chinese and Indian vendors of low-end mobile phones.[35]
In Q1 2012, based on Strategy Analytics, Samsung surpassed Nokia sold by 93.5 million units and 82.7 million units, respectively. Standard & Poor's has also downgraded Nokia to 'junk' status at BB+/B with negative outlook due to high loss and still declined with growth of Lumia smartphones was not sufficient to offset a rapid decline in revenue from Symbian-based smartphones over the next few quarters.[36]
| Top Five Worldwide Total Mobile Phone Vendors, Q3 2012 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Manufacturer | Gartner[37] | IDC[38] |
| 1 | Samsung | 22.9% | 23.7% |
| 2 | Nokia | 19.2% | 18.7% |
| 3 | Apple | 5.5% | 6.1% |
| 4 | ZTE | 3.9% | 3.1% |
| 5 | LG | 3.3% | 3.1% |
| Others | 34.2% | 45.3% | |
- Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors
Other manufacturers outside the top five include Research In Motion Ltd. (RIM), HTC Corporation, Motorola, Huawei, Sony Ericsson. Smaller current and past players include Audiovox (now UTStarcom), BenQ-Siemens, CECT, Fujitsu, Just5, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, modu, NEC, Neonode, Openmoko, Panasonic, Palm, Pantech Wireless Inc., Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Sierra Wireless, SK Teletech, Soutec, T&A Alcatel, Trium, Toshiba, and Vidalco.
Use of mobile phones
In general
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1997–2007
A cellphone repair kiosk in Mumbai, India
Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, including keeping in touch with family members, conducting business, and having access to a telephone in the event of an emergency. Some people carry more than one cell phone for different purposes, such as for business and personal use. Multiple SIM cards may also be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans—a particular plan might provide cheaper local calls, long-distance calls, international calls, or roaming. The mobile phone has also been used in a variety of diverse contexts in society, for example:
- A study by Motorola found that one in ten cell phone subscribers have a second phone that often is kept secret from other family members. These phones may be used to engage in activities including extramarital affairs or clandestine business dealings.[39]
- Some organizations assist victims of domestic violence by providing mobile phones for use in emergencies. They are often refurbished phones.[40]
- The advent of widespread text messaging has resulted in the cell phone novel; the first literary genre to emerge from the cellular age via text messaging to a website that collects the novels as a whole.[41]
- Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and public journalism being explored by Reuters and Yahoo![42] and small independent news companies such as Jasmine New in Sri Lanka.
- The United Nations reported that mobile phones have spread faster than any other technology and can improve the livelihood of the poorest people in developing countries by providing access to information in places where landlines or the Internet are not available, especially in the least developed countries. Use of mobile phones also spawns a wealth of micro-enterprises, by providing work, such as selling airtime on the streets and repairing or refurbishing handsets.[43]
- In Mali and other African countries, people used to travel from village to village to let friends and relatives know about weddings, births and other events, which are now avoided within mobile phone coverage areas, which is usually greater than land line penetration.
- The TV industry has recently started using mobile phones to drive live TV viewing through mobile apps, advertising, social tv, and mobile TV.[44] 86% of Americans use their mobile phone while watching TV.
- In parts of the world, mobile phone sharing is common. It is prevalent in urban India, as families and groups of friends often share one or more mobiles among their members. There are obvious economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender roles play a part.[45] It is common for a village to have access to only one mobile phone, perhaps owned by a teacher or missionary, but available to all members of the village for necessary calls.[46]
For distributing content
In 1998, one of the first examples of distributing and selling media content through the mobile phone was the sale of ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon afterwards, other media content appeared such as news, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. Most early content for mobile tended to be copies of legacy media, such as the banner advertisement or the TV news highlight video clip. Recently, unique content for mobile has been emerging, from the ringing tones and ringback tones in music to "mobisodes," video content that has been produced exclusively for mobile phones.
In 2006, the total value of mobile-phone-paid media content exceeded Internet-paid media content and was worth 31 billion dollars.[47] The value of music on phones was worth 9.3 billion dollars in 2007 and gaming was worth over 5 billion dollars in 2007.[48]
While driving
Main article: Mobile phones and driving safety
Texting in stop-and-go traffic in New York City
Mobile phone use while driving is common but controversial. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accident. Because of this, many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore ban both handheld and hands-free use of a mobile phone; others —including the UK, France, and many U.S. states—ban handheld phone use only, allowing hands-free use.
Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones, they are often more like mobile computers in their available uses. This has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials in distinguishing one usage from another as drivers use their devices. This is more apparent in those countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those who have banned handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the mobile phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally on a phone call when, in fact, they were using the device for a legal purpose such as the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo or satnav.
A recently published study has reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its effects on behaviour and safety.[49]
In schools
Some schools limit or restrict the use of mobile phones. Schools set restrictions on the use of mobile phones because of the use of cell phones for cheating on tests, harassment and bullying, causing threats to the schools security, distractions to the students, and facilitating gossip and other social activity in school. Many mobile phones are banned in school locker room facilities, public restrooms and swimming pools due to the built-in cameras that most phones now feature.[citation needed]
Mobile banking and payments
Main articles: Mobile banking and Mobile payment
See also: Branchless banking and Contactless payment
In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's M-PESA mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash may be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country, and may be transferred electronically from person to person as well as used to pay bills to companies.
Branchless banking has also been successful in South Africa and Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank Bank Mandiri.[50]
Another application of mobile banking technology is Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit microlending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to the borrowers in rural Africa using the internet and mobile phones.[51]
Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999 the Philippines launched the first commercial mobile payments systems, on the mobile operators Globe and Smart.
Some mobile phone can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes or through contactless payments if the phone and point of sale support near field communication (NFC).[52] This requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators and retail merchants to enable contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones.[53][54][55]
Tracking and privacy
See also: Mobile phone tracking
Mobile phones are also commonly used to collect location data. While the phone is turned on, the geographical location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or not), using a technique known as multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to travel from the cell phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone.[56][57]
The movements of a mobile phone user can be tracked by their service provider and, if desired, by law enforcement agencies and their government. Both the SIM card and the handset can be tracked.[58]
China has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of Beijing city residents.[59] In the UK and US, law enforcement and intelligence services use mobiles to perform surveillance. They possess technology to activate the microphones in cell phones remotely in order to listen to conversations that take place near to the person who holds the phone.[60][61]
Health effects
Main article: Mobile phone radiation and health
Further information: Mobile phones on aircraft
The effect mobile phone radiation has on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, which some believe may be harmful to human health. A large body of research exists, both epidemiological and experimental, in non-human animals and in humans, of which the majority shows no definite causative relationship between exposure to mobile phones and harmful biological effects in humans. This is often paraphrased simply as the balance of evidence showing no harm to humans from mobile phones, although a significant number of individual studies do suggest such a relationship, or are inconclusive. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation.
On 31 May 2011, the World Health Organization confirmed that mobile phone use may represent a long-term health risk,[62][63] classifying mobile phone radiation as a "carcinogenic hazard" and "possibly carcinogenic to humans" after a team of scientists reviewed peer-review studies on cell phone safety.[64] One study of past cell phone use cited in the report showed a "40% increased risk for gliomas (brain cancer) in the highest category of heavy users (reported average: 30 minutes per day over a 10‐year period)."[65] This is a reversal from their prior position that cancer was unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their base stations and that reviews had found no convincing evidence for other health effects.[63][66] Certain countries, including France, have warned against the use of cell phones especially by minors due to health risk uncertainties.[67] However, a study published 24 March 2012 in the BMJBritish Medical Journal questioned these estimates, because the increase in brain cancers has not paralleled the increase in mobile phone use.[68]
At least some recent studies have found an association between cell phone use and certain kinds of brain and salivary gland tumors. Lennart Hardell and other authors of a 2009 meta-analysis of 11 studies from peer-reviewed journals concluded that cell phone usage for at least ten years “approximately doubles the risk of being diagnosed with a brain tumor on the same ('ipsilateral') side of the head as that preferred for cell phone use.”[69]
In addition, a mobile phone can spread infectious diseases by its frequent contact with hands. One study came to the result that pathogenic bacteria are present on approximately 40% of mobile phones belonging to patients in a hospital, and on approximately 20% of mobile phones belonging to hospital staff.[70]
A study on mice suggested that cell phone use during pregnancy may be likely to result in lasting mental health problems for offspring that resemble the effects of ADHD.[71]
Future evolution
Main article: 5G
5G is a technology used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunication standards beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G is not officially used for any specification or official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum, or ITU-R. New standard releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization bodies, but are at this time not considered as new mobile generations but under the 4G umbrella.
Deloitte is predicting a collapse in wireless performance to come as soon as 2016, as more devices using more and more services compete for limited bandwidth.[72]
Environmental impact
| This section requires expansion. (December 2011) |
See also: Mobile phone recycling
Studies have shown that around 40-50% of the environmental impact of a mobile phone occurs during the manufacturing of the printed wiring boards and integrated circuits.[73] After purchase, the average user then replaces their mobile phone every 11 to 18 months.[74][75] The discarded phones then contribute to electronic waste.
Mobile phone manufacturers within Europe are subject to the WEEE directive. Australia introduced a mobile phone recycling scheme.[76]
See also
| Telecommunication portal |
- Customer proprietary network information
- Field telephone
- Landline phone
- List of countries by number of mobile phones in use
- Mobile broadband
- Mobile Internet device (MID)
- Nomophobia
- Mobile phone form factor different cellphone basic models (shapes or designs)
- OpenBTS
- Personal Handy-phone System
- Prepaid mobile phone
- Professional mobile radio
- Tethering
- VoIP phone
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- ^ The Top Giants in Telephony
- ^ Who invented the cell phone?
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- ^ Hahn, Hans and Kibora, Ludovic. "The Domestication of the Mobile Phone: Oral Society and New ICT in Burkina Faso". Journal of Modern African Studes 46 (2008): 87–109.
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- ^ de Waard, D., Schepers, P., Ormel, W. and Brookhuis, K., 2010, Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety, Ergonomics, Vol 53, No. 1, January 2010, pp 30–42.
- ^ "Branchless banking to start in Bali". The Jakarta Post. 13 April 2012. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/branchless-banking-start-bali.html. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ ""Zidisha Set to "Expand" in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance", Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010". Microfinancefocus.com. 7 February 2010. http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia/. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ Feig, Nancy (25 June 2007). "Mobile Payments: Look to Korea". banktech.com. http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html. Retrieved 29 January 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Poulter, Sean (27 January 2011). "End of the credit card? With one swipe of an iPhone you'll be able to pay for your shopping". London: dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1350709. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
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Further reading
- Agar, Jon, Constant Touch: A Global History of the Mobile Phone, 2004 ISBN 1-84046-541-7
- Ahonen, Tomi, m-Profits: Making Money with 3G Services, 2002, ISBN 0-470-84775-1
- Ahonen, Kasper and Melkko, 3G Marketing 2004, ISBN 0-470-85100-7
- Fessenden, R. A. (1908). "Wireless Telephony". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: 161–196. http://books.google.com/?id=gtQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
- Glotz, Peter & Bertsch, Stefan, eds. Thumb Culture: The Meaning of Mobile Phones for Society, 2005
- Goggin, Gerard, Global Mobile Media (New York: Routledge, 2011), p. 176. ISBN 978-0415469180
- Jain, S. Lochlann. "Urban Errands: The Means of Mobility". Journal of Consumer Culture 2:3 (November 2002) 385–404. doi:10.1177/146954050200200305.
- Katz, James E. & Aakhus, Mark, eds. Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance, 2002
- Kavoori, Anandam & Arceneaux, Noah, eds. The Cell Phone Reader: Essays in Social Transformation, 2006
- Kopomaa, Timo. The City in Your Pocket, Gaudeamus 2000
- Levinson, Paul, Cellphone: The Story of the World's Most Mobile Medium, and How It Has Transformed Everything!, 2004 ISBN 1-4039-6041-0
- Ling, Rich, The Mobile Connection: the Cell Phone's Impact on Society, 2004 ISBN 1-55860-936-9
- Ling, Rich and Pedersen, Per, eds. Mobile Communications: Re-negotiation of the Social Sphere, 2005 ISBN 1-85233-931-4
- Home page of Rich Ling
- Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Communication: Essays on Cognition and Community, 2003
- Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Learning: Essays on Philosophy, Psychology and Education, 2003
- Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Democracy: Essays on Society, Self and Politics, 2003
- Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. A Sense of Place: The Global and the Local in Mobile Communication, 2005
- Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Understanding: The Epistemology of Ubiquitous Communication, 2006
- Plant, Dr. Sadie, on the mobile – the effects of mobile telephones on social and individual life[dead link], 2001
- Rheingold, Howard, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution, 2002 ISBN 0-7382-0861-2
- Singh, Rohit (April 2009). Mobile phones for development and profit: a win-win scenario. Overseas Development Institute. p. 2. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/opinions/128-mobile-phones-business-development-private-sector.pdf.
External links
| Look up mobile phone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Media related to Mobile phones at Wikimedia Commons
- How Cell Phones Work at HowStuffWorks
- "The Long Odyssey of the Cell Phone", 15 photos with captions from Time magazine
- Cell Phone, the ring heard around the world—a video documentary by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 脳腫瘍の危険因子risk factors for brain tumors [show details]…magnetic fields have also failed to establish a relationship to the risk of brain tumors . Cellular telephones are a source of radiofrequency radiation exposure that have received coverage in the popular …
- 2. 前庭神経鞘腫（聴神経腫）vestibular schwannoma acoustic neuroma [show details]…associated with the use of cellular telephones. Meta-analyses of case-control studies have found a possible slight increase in risk of brain tumors associated with cell phone use in higher-quality studies…
- 3. 感染症予防：一般原則infection prevention general principles [show details]…alcohol wipe between uses is often sufficient . Mobile communication devices such as pagers and cell phones may also become contaminated with bacteria; these devices should be disinfected similarly . Semi-critical…
- 4. 睡眠覚醒相後退障害delayed sleep wake phase disorder [show details]…or occupational commitments that extend late into the evening, use of light-emitting screens (cell phones, tablets, computer screens) before the desired bedtime, and use of caffeine or stimulants in the …
- 5. 院外における心臓植込み型電子デバイスと電磁場の相互作用cardiac implantable electronic device interactions with electromagnetic fields in the non hospital environment [show details]…cardiac devices . Signals from the cellular phone originate at the base of the antennae. Therefore, device patients should avoid carrying an activated cellular telephone with the base of the antennae close …
English Journal
- No effects of short-term exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic fields on human cognitive performance: A meta-analysis.
- Barth A, Ponocny I, Gnambs T, Winker R.SourceInstitute of Working and Organisational Psychology, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Linz, Austria. alfred.barth@umit.at.
- Bioelectromagnetics.Bioelectromagnetics.2011 Aug 18. doi: 10.1002/bem.20697. [Epub ahead of print]
- During recent years, a large number of studies on the effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular mobile phones on human cognitive performance have been carried out. However, the results have been ambiguous. We carried out the current meta-analysis in order to investigate the impact of ele
- PMID 21853449
- Effects on rat testis of 1.95-GHz W-CDMA for IMT-2000 cellular phones.
- Imai N, Kawabe M, Hikage T, Nojima T, Takahashi S, Shirai T.SourceDepartment of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan.
- Systems biology in reproductive medicine.Syst Biol Reprod Med.2011 Aug.;57(4):204-209. Epub 2011 Jan 5.
- In recent years concern has arisen whether carrying a cellular phone near the reproductive organs such as the testes may cause dysfunction and particularly decrease in sperm development and production, and thus fertility in men. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of a 1.95?
- PMID 21204746
Japanese Journal
- GoogleMapと数値地図2500を活用した災害時最短避難経路提示システムの開発
- 渡邊 博之,成田 祐一,大山 勝徳,加瀬 澤正,武内 惇,竹中 豊文
- 情報処理学会研究報告. ITS, [高度交通システム] 2011-ITS-45(3), 1-8, 2011-06-17
- 災害時に現在地から避難所までの最短経路を地図上に提示することは,安全で迅速な避難を行うために重要である.本研究では,国土地理院発行の数値地図 2500 を基に ID とグループ番号を付けて道路を作成する方法を提案している.避難所や通行不能箇所は XOOPS をプラットホームとしてデータベースに登録している.現在地は,携帯電話では GPS や基地局,WiFi 付ノート PC ではアクセスポイントを基 …
- NAID 110008583897
- ポイント利用による地域活性化支援システムの提案
- 松浦 祐太,吉見 哲哉,小林 隆,辻 秀一,水野 加央里
- 情報処理学会研究報告. 情報システムと社会環境研究報告 2011-IS-116(2), 1-6, 2011-05-30
- 近年、情報通信技術の進展によりパソコンや携帯電話が普及し、多くの人がインターネット等から容易に情報を得ることができる時代となった.またブログやソーシャルネットワークサービス (SNS) により、他者とのコミュニケーションを容易に行うことが可能となった.また、地域社会においては高齢化や過疎化などにより地域活力の低下が著しく、地域活性化は大きな課題となっている.本研究では、ポイント利用サービスなどによ …
- NAID 110008583684
Related Links
- 携帯電話とは：無線通信を利用した、持ち歩ける電話機のこと。基地局と呼ばれる有線 ネットワークとの中継点と電話機が無線で通信し、さまざまな通信サービスを移動し ながらにして受けられる。携帯電話は基地局との間の通信方式によって世代が分けられ て ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「cell phone」「携帯電話」「portable phone」 |
| 関連記事 | 「cellular」 |
「cell phone」
「携帯電話」
「portable phone」
「cellular」
- adj.
- 細胞の、細胞性の