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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/14 21:57:01」(JST)

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Cathepsins (Ancient Greek kata- "down" and hepsein "boil"; abbreviated CTS) are proteases (enzymes that degrades proteins) found in all animals as well as other organisms. There are approximately a dozen members of this family, which are distinguished by their structure, catalytic mechanism, and which proteins they cleave. Most of the members become activated at the low pH found in lysosomes. Thus, the activity of this family lies almost entirely within those organelles. There are, however, exceptions such as cathepsin K, which works extracellularly after secretion by osteoclasts in bone resorption.

Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover, e.g. bone resorption. They degrade polypeptides and are distinguished by their substrate specificities.

Classification

Cathepsin A (serine protease)
Cathepsin B (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin C (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin D (aspartyl protease)
Cathepsin E (aspartyl protease)
Cathepsin F (cysteine proteinase)
Cathepsin G (serine protease)
Cathepsin H (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin K (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin L1 (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin L2 (or V) (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin O (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin S (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin W (cysteine proteinase)
Cathepsin Z (or X) (cysteine protease)

Clinical significance

Cathepsins have been implicated in:

Cancer^[1]
Stroke^[2]
Alzheimer's disease^[3]
Arthritis^[4]
Ebola, Cathepsin L and to a lesser extent cathepsin B have been found to be necessary for the virus to enter host cells.
COPD
Chronic periodontitis
Pancreatitis
Several ocular disorders: keratoconus, retinal detachment, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma.^[5]

Cathepsin A

Deficiencies in this protein are linked to multiple forms of galactosialidosis. The cathepsin A activity in lysates of metastatic lesions of malignant melanoma is significantly higher than in primary focus lysates. Cathepsin A increased in muscles moderately affected by muscular dystrophy and denervating diseases.

Cathepsin B

Cathepsin B seems to actually break down the proteins that cause amyloid plaque, the root of Alzheimer's symptoms, and may even be a pivotal part of the natural defense against this disease used by people who do not get it. Overexpression of the encoded protein, which is a member of the peptidase C1 family, has been associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma and other tumors. Cathepsin B has also been implicated in the progression of various human tumors including ovarian cancer. Cathepsin B is also involved in apoptosis as well as degradation of myofibrillar proteins in myocardial infarction.

Cathepsin D

Cathepsin D (an aspartyl protease) appears to cleave a variety of substrates such as fibronectin and laminin. Unlike some of the other cathepsins, cathepsin D has some protease activity at neutral pH.^[6] High levels of this enzyme in tumor cells seems to be associated with greater invasiveness.

Cathepsin K

Cathepsin K is the most potent mammalian collagenase. Cathepsin K is involved in osteoporosis, a disease in which a decrease in bone density causes an increased risk for fracture. Osteoclasts are the bone resorbing cells of the body, and they secrete cathepsin K in order to break down collagen, the major component of the non-mineral protein matrix of the bone.^[7] Cathepsin K, among other cathepsins, plays a role in cancer metastasis through the degradation of the extracellular matrix.^[8] The genetic knockout for cathepsin S and K in mice with atherosclerosis was shown to reduce the size of atherosclerotic lesions.^[9] The expression of cathepsin K in cultured endothelial cells is regulated by shear stress.^[10] Cathepsin K has also been shown to play a role in arthritis.^[11]

Cathepsin V

Mouse cathepsin L is homologous to human cathepsin V.^[12] Mouse cathepsin L has been shown to play a role in adipogenesis and glucose intolerance in mice. Cathepsin L degrades fibronectin, insulin receptor (IR), and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). Cathepsin L-deficient mice were shown to have less adipose tissue, lower serum glucose and insulin levels, more insulin receptor subunits, more glucose transporter (GLUT4) and more fibronectin than wild type controls.^[13]

Cathepsin Zymography

Zymography is a type of gel electrophoresis that uses a polyacrylamide gel co-polymerized with a substrate in order to detect enzyme activity. Cathepsin zymography separates different cathepsins based on their migration through a polyacrylamide gel co-polymerized with a gelatin substrate. The electrophoresis takes place in non-reducing conditions, and the enzymes are protected from denaturation using leupeptin.^[14] After protein concentration is determined, equal amounts of tissue protein are loaded into a gel. The protein is then allowed to migrate through the gel. After electrophoresis, the gel is put into a renaturing buffer in order to return the cathepsins to their native conformation. The gel is then put into an activation buffer of a specific pH and left to incubate overnight at 37 ºC. This activation step allows the cathepsins to degrade the gelatin substrate. When the gel is stained using a Coomassie blue stain, areas of the gel still containing gelatin appear blue. The areas of the gel where cathepsins were active appear as white bands. This cathepsin zymography protocol has been used to detect femtomole quantities of mature cathepsin K.^[14] The different cathepsins can be identified based on their migration distance due to their molecular weights: cathepsin K (~37 kDa), V (~35 kDa), S (~25kDa), and L (~20 kDa). Cathepsins have specific pH levels at which they have optimum proteolytic activity. Cathepsin K is able to degrade gelatin at pH 7 and 8, but these pH levels do not allow for cathepsins L and V activity. At a pH 4 cathepsin V is active, but cathepsin K is not. Adjusting the pH of the activation buffer can allow for further identification of cathepsin types.^[15]

History

The earliest record of "cathepsin" found in the MEDLINE database (e.g.. via PubMed) is from the Journal of Biological Chemistry in 1949.^[16] However, references within this article indicate that cathepsins were first identified and named around the turn of the 20th century. Much of this earlier work was done in the laboratory of Max Bergmann, who spent the first several decades of the century defining these proteases.^[17]

Probably word cathepsin have long been determined muscle enzymes active in the acidic environment. Already in 1937 the hemoglobin was using to determined the overall activity of cathepsins (Anson, 1937). First detected cathepsin was in the muscle of fish (Siebert, 1958), and later identified as cathepsin D (Mekinodan and Ikeda, 1969).

References

^ Nomura T, Katunuma N (February 2005). "Involvement of cathepsins in the invasion, metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells". J. Med. Invest. 52 (1–2): 1–9. doi:10.2152/jmi.52.1. PMID 15751268.
^ Lipton P (October 1999). "Ischemic cell death in brain neurons". Physiol. Rev. 79 (4): 1431–568. PMID 10508238.
^ Yamashima T (2013). "Reconsider Alzheimer's disease by the 'calpain-cathepsin hypothesis'--a perspective review". PROGRESS IN NEUROLOGY 105: 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.02.004. PMID 23499711.
^ Raptis SZ, Shapiro SD, Simmons PM, Cheng AM, Pham CT (June 2005). "Serine protease cathepsin G regulates adhesion-dependent neutrophil effector functions by modulating integrin clustering". Immunity 22 (6): 679–91. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.03.015. PMID 15963783.
^ Im E, Kazlauskas A (March 2007). "The role of cathepsins in ocular physiology and pathology". Exp. Eye Res. 84 (3): 383–8. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2006.05.017. PMID 16893541.
^ Lkhider M, Castino R, Bouguyon E, Isidoro C, Ollivier-Bousquet M (2004). "Cathepsin D released by lactating rat mammary epithelial cells is involved in prolactin cleavage under physiological conditions". Journal of Cell Science 117 (Pt 21): 5155–5164. doi:10.1242/jcs.01396. PMID 15456852.
^ Shi GP, Chapman HA, Bhairi SM, DeLeeuw C, Reddy VY, Weiss SJ (January 1995). "Molecular cloning of human cathepsin O, a novel endoproteinase and homologue of rabbit OC2". FEBS Lett. 357 (2): 129–34. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)01349-6. PMID 7805878.
^ Gocheva V, Joyce JA (January 2007). "Cysteine cathepsins and the cutting edge of cancer invasion". Cell Cycle 6 (1): 60–4. doi:10.4161/cc.6.1.3669. PMID 17245112.
^ Lutgens E, Lutgens SP, Faber BC, Heeneman S, Gijbels MM, de Winther MP, Frederik P, van der Made I, Daugherty A, Sijbers AM, Fisher A, Long CJ, Saftig P, Black D, Daemen MJ, Cleutjens KB (January 2006). "Disruption of the cathepsin K gene reduces atherosclerosis progression and induces plaque fibrosis but accelerates macrophage foam cell formation". Circulation 113 (1): 98–107. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561449. PMID 16365196.
^ Platt MO, Ankeny RF, Shi GP, Weiss D, Vega JD, Taylor WR, Jo H (March 2007). "Expression of cathepsin K is regulated by shear stress in cultured endothelial cells and is increased in endothelium in human atherosclerosis". Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 292 (3): H1479–86. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00954.2006. PMID 17098827.
^ Salminen-Mankonen HJ, Morko J, Vuorio E (February 2007). "Role of cathepsin K in normal joints and in the development of arthritis". Curr Drug Targets 8 (2): 315–23. doi:10.2174/138945007779940188. PMID 17305509.
^ Brömme D, Li Z, Barnes M, Mehler E (February 1999). "Human cathepsin V functional expression, tissue distribution, electrostatic surface potential, enzymatic characterization, and chromosomal localization". Biochemistry 38 (8): 2377–85. doi:10.1021/bi982175f. PMID 10029531.
^ Yang M, Zhang Y, Pan J, Sun J, Liu J, Libby P, Sukhova GK, Doria A, Katunuma N, Peroni OD, Guerre-Millo M, Kahn BB, Clement K, Shi GP (August 2007). "Cathepsin L activity controls adipogenesis and glucose tolerance". Nat. Cell Biol. 9 (8): 970–7. doi:10.1038/ncb1623. PMID 17643114.
^ ^a ^b Li WA, Barry ZT, Cohen JD, Wilder CL, Deeds RJ, Keegan PM, Platt MO (June 2010). "Detection of femtomole quantities of mature cathepsin K with zymography". Anal. Biochem. 401 (1): 91–8. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2010.02.035. PMID 20206119.
^ Wilder CL, Park KY, Keegan PM, Platt MO (December 2011). "Manipulating substrate and pH in zymography protocols selectively distinguishes cathepsins K, L, S, and V activity in cells and tissues". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 516 (1): 52–7. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2011.09.009. PMC 3221864. PMID 21982919.
^ Maver ME, Greco AE (December 1949). "The hydrolysis of nucleoproteins by cathepsins from calf thymus". J. Biol. Chem. 181 (2): 853–60. PMID 15393803.
^ Bergmann M, Fruton JS (July 1936). "Regarding the general nature of catheptic enzymes". Science 84 (2169): 89–90. doi:10.1126/science.84.2169.89. PMID 17748131.

External links

The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: A01.010
Cathepsins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 閉経後の女性における骨粗鬆症のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
2. 急性膵炎の発症機序 pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis
3. 肥満細胞由来のメディエーター mast cell derived mediators
4. 抗好中球細胞質抗体の臨床的な意味 clinical spectrum of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
5. 重症筋無力症の病因 pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis

English Journal

Eriodictyol Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Formation and Function Via Inhibition of NFATc1 Activity.

Song F1,2,3, Zhou L2, Zhao J1,4, Liu Q1,4, Yang M2, Tan R5, Xu J6, Zhang G7, Quinn JM8, Tickner J2, Huang Y1,9, Xu J1,2.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2016 Sep;231(9):1983-93. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25304. Epub 2016 Feb 2.
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) induces differentiation and function of osteoclasts through triggering multiple signaling cascades, including NF-κB, MAPK, and Ca(2+) -dependent signals, which induce and activate critical transcription factor NFATc1. Targeting these signa
PMID 26754483

Treatment with a human recombinant monoclonal IgG antibody against oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis-prone pigs reduces cathepsin S in coronary lesions.

Poulsen CB1, Al-Mashhadi AL2, von Wachenfeldt K3, Bentzon JF2, Nielsen LB4, Al-Mashhadi RH2, Thygesen J5, Tolbod L6, Larsen JR7, Frøkiær J6, Tawakol A8, Vucic E8, Fredrickson J9, Baruch A9, Frendéus B10, Robertson AK10, Moestrup SK11, Drouet L12, Falk E2.
International journal of cardiology.Int J Cardiol.2016 Jul 15;215:506-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.222. Epub 2016 Apr 2.
BACKGROUND: Immunization with oxidized LDL (oxLDL) reduces atherosclerosis in rodents. We tested the hypothesis that treatment with a human recombinant monoclonal antibody against oxLDL will reduce the burden or composition of atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic minipigs.METHODS AND RESU
PMID 27135822

Lipocalin-2 inhibits autophagy and induces insulin resistance in H9c2 cells.

Chan YK1, Sung HK1, Jahng JW1, Kim GH1, Han M1, Sweeney G2.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2016 Jul 15;430:68-76. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.04.006. Epub 2016 Apr 16.
Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2; also known as neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, NGAL) levels are increased in obesity and diabetes and associate with insulin resistance. Correlations exist between Lcn2 levels and various forms or stages of heart failure. Insulin resistance and autophagy both play well-
PMID 27090568

Japanese Journal

Cloning, Heterologous Expression, and Enzymatic Characterization of Cathepsin L from Starfish (Asterina pectinifera)

LEE A Ram,BAK Hye Jin,KIM Na Young [他]
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76(12), 2342-2346, 2012-12-00
NAID 40019531367

Molecular epidemiological studies on animal trypanosomiases in Ghana

Nakayima Jesca,Nakao Ryo,Alhassan Andy,Mahama Charles,Afakye Kofi,Sugimoto Chihiro
Parasites & Vectors 5, 217, 2012-10-01
… vivax-specific cathepsin L-like gene primers. …
NAID 120004979509

P-1 抗NHE10モノクローナル抗体を固定化したチタンが破骨細胞と骨芽細胞の分化に与える影響(研究奨励賞応募ポスター発表,第60回日本歯科理工学会学術講演会(創立30周年記念大会))

首藤崇裕,牧平清超,峯裕一,和智貴紀,二川浩樹,寺田善博
日本歯科理工学会誌 31(5), 384, 2012-09-25
… Anti-NHE10-Ti inhibited TRAP and cathepsin K mRNAs in OC. …
NAID 110009517748

「カテプシン」

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

Cathepsin
	Structure of Cathepsin K
Identifiers
Symbol	Cathepsin
Pfam	PF00112
Pfam clan	CL0125
InterPro	IPR000668
SMART	Pept_C1
PROSITE	PDOC00126
MEROPS	C1
SCOP	1aec
SUPERFAMILY	1aec
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

　　[★]

英: cathepsin
同: 組織トリプターゼ
関: プロテアーゼ、細胞内プロテアーゼ、リソソーム、カテプシンA、カテプシンB、カテプシンC

「cathepsin A」

　　[★]

カテプシンA

関: carboxypeptidase C、carboxypeptidase Y

[pmid15751268-1] Nomura T, Katunuma N (February 2005). "Involvement of cathepsins in the invasion, metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells". J. Med. Invest. 52 (1–2): 1–9. doi:10.2152/jmi.52.1. PMID 15751268.

[pmid10508238-2] Lipton P (October 1999). "Ischemic cell death in brain neurons". Physiol. Rev. 79 (4): 1431–568. PMID 10508238.

[3] Yamashima T (2013). "Reconsider Alzheimer's disease by the 'calpain-cathepsin hypothesis'--a perspective review". PROGRESS IN NEUROLOGY 105: 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.02.004. PMID 23499711.

[pmid15963783-4] Raptis SZ, Shapiro SD, Simmons PM, Cheng AM, Pham CT (June 2005). "Serine protease cathepsin G regulates adhesion-dependent neutrophil effector functions by modulating integrin clustering". Immunity 22 (6): 679–91. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.03.015. PMID 15963783.

[pmid16893541-5] Im E, Kazlauskas A (March 2007). "The role of cathepsins in ocular physiology and pathology". Exp. Eye Res. 84 (3): 383–8. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2006.05.017. PMID 16893541.

[6] Lkhider M, Castino R, Bouguyon E, Isidoro C, Ollivier-Bousquet M (2004). "Cathepsin D released by lactating rat mammary epithelial cells is involved in prolactin cleavage under physiological conditions". Journal of Cell Science 117 (Pt 21): 5155–5164. doi:10.1242/jcs.01396. PMID 15456852.

[pmid7805878-7] Shi GP, Chapman HA, Bhairi SM, DeLeeuw C, Reddy VY, Weiss SJ (January 1995). "Molecular cloning of human cathepsin O, a novel endoproteinase and homologue of rabbit OC2". FEBS Lett. 357 (2): 129–34. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)01349-6. PMID 7805878.

[pmid17245112-8] Gocheva V, Joyce JA (January 2007). "Cysteine cathepsins and the cutting edge of cancer invasion". Cell Cycle 6 (1): 60–4. doi:10.4161/cc.6.1.3669. PMID 17245112.

[pmid16365196-9] Lutgens E, Lutgens SP, Faber BC, Heeneman S, Gijbels MM, de Winther MP, Frederik P, van der Made I, Daugherty A, Sijbers AM, Fisher A, Long CJ, Saftig P, Black D, Daemen MJ, Cleutjens KB (January 2006). "Disruption of the cathepsin K gene reduces atherosclerosis progression and induces plaque fibrosis but accelerates macrophage foam cell formation". Circulation 113 (1): 98–107. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561449. PMID 16365196.

[pmid17098827-10] Platt MO, Ankeny RF, Shi GP, Weiss D, Vega JD, Taylor WR, Jo H (March 2007). "Expression of cathepsin K is regulated by shear stress in cultured endothelial cells and is increased in endothelium in human atherosclerosis". Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 292 (3): H1479–86. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00954.2006. PMID 17098827.

[pmid17305509-11] Salminen-Mankonen HJ, Morko J, Vuorio E (February 2007). "Role of cathepsin K in normal joints and in the development of arthritis". Curr Drug Targets 8 (2): 315–23. doi:10.2174/138945007779940188. PMID 17305509.

[pmid10029531-12] Brömme D, Li Z, Barnes M, Mehler E (February 1999). "Human cathepsin V functional expression, tissue distribution, electrostatic surface potential, enzymatic characterization, and chromosomal localization". Biochemistry 38 (8): 2377–85. doi:10.1021/bi982175f. PMID 10029531.

[pmid17643114-13] Yang M, Zhang Y, Pan J, Sun J, Liu J, Libby P, Sukhova GK, Doria A, Katunuma N, Peroni OD, Guerre-Millo M, Kahn BB, Clement K, Shi GP (August 2007). "Cathepsin L activity controls adipogenesis and glucose tolerance". Nat. Cell Biol. 9 (8): 970–7. doi:10.1038/ncb1623. PMID 17643114.

[Li_2010-14] Li WA, Barry ZT, Cohen JD, Wilder CL, Deeds RJ, Keegan PM, Platt MO (June 2010). "Detection of femtomole quantities of mature cathepsin K with zymography". Anal. Biochem. 401 (1): 91–8. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2010.02.035. PMID 20206119.

[pmid21982919-15] Wilder CL, Park KY, Keegan PM, Platt MO (December 2011). "Manipulating substrate and pH in zymography protocols selectively distinguishes cathepsins K, L, S, and V activity in cells and tissues". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 516 (1): 52–7. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2011.09.009. PMC 3221864. PMID 21982919.

[pmid15393803-16] Maver ME, Greco AE (December 1949). "The hydrolysis of nucleoproteins by cathepsins from calf thymus". J. Biol. Chem. 181 (2): 853–60. PMID 15393803.

[pmid17748131-17] Bergmann M, Fruton JS (July 1936). "Regarding the general nature of catheptic enzymes". Science 84 (2169): 89–90. doi:10.1126/science.84.2169.89. PMID 17748131.

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cathepsin