- 関
- carboxylation
WordNet
- treat (a chemical compound) with carboxyl or carboxylic acid
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/06/15 18:55:08」(JST)
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Carboxylation in chemistry is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid group is introduced in a substrate. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation.
Carboxylation in organic chemistry
In organic chemistry many different protocols exist for carboxylation. One general approach is by reaction of nucleophiles with dry ice (solid carbon dioxide)[1] or formic acid[2][3]
Carboxylation in biochemistry
Further information: Carboxy-lyases
Carboxylation in biochemistry is a posttranslational modification of glutamate residues, to γ-carboxyglutamate, in proteins. It occurs primarily in proteins involved in the blood clotting cascade, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X, protein C, and protein S, and also in some bone proteins. This modification is required for these proteins to function. Carboxylation occurs in the liver and is performed by γ-glutamyl carboxylase.[4]
The carboxylase requires vitamin K as a cofactor and performs the reaction in a processive manner.[5] γ-carboxyglutamate binds calcium, which is essential for its activity.[6] For example, in prothrombin, calcium binding allows the protein to associate with the plasma membrane in platelets, bringing it into close proximity with the proteins that cleave prothrombin to active thrombin after injury.[7]
References
- ^ REGIO- AND STEREOSELECTIVE CARBOXYLATION OF ALLYLIC BARIUM REAGENTS: (E)-4,8-DIMETHYL-3,7-NONADIENOIC ACID Akira Yanagisawa, Katsutaka Yasue, and Hisashi Yamamoto1 Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 9, p.317 (1998); Vol. 74, p.178 (1997) link.
- ^ 1-ADAMANTANECARBOXYLIC ACID H. Koch and W. Haaf Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.20 (1973); Vol. 44, p.1 (1964) Link.
- ^ 1-METHYLCYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLIC ACID W. Haaf Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.739 (1973); Vol. 46, p.72 (1966).
- ^ OMIM - gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, contributed by McKusick VA, last updated October 2004 [1]
- ^ Morris DP, Stevens RD, Wright DJ, Stafford DW (1995). "Processive post-translational modification. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of a peptide substrate". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (51): 30491–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.51.30491. PMID 8530480.
- ^ Hauschka PV, Lian JB, Gallop PM (1975). "Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate, in mineralized tissue". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 (10): 3925–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.10.3925. PMC 433109. PMID 1060074.
- ^ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry, 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2002.
Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications
|
|
General |
- Peptide bond
- Protein biosynthesis
- Proteolysis
- Racemization
- N-O acyl shift
|
|
N terminus |
- Acetylation
- Carbamylation
- Formylation
- Glycation
- Methylation
- Myristoylation (Gly)
|
|
C terminus |
- Amidation
- Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)
- O-methylation
- Detyrosination
|
|
Single specific AAs |
Serine/Threonine
|
- Phosphorylation
- Dephosphorylation
- Glycosylation
- Methylidene-imidazolone (MIO) formation
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|
Tyrosine
|
- Phosphorylation
- Dephosphorylation
- Sulfation
- Porphyrin ring linkage
- Adenylylation
- Flavin linkage
- Topaquinone (TPQ) formation
- Detyrosination
|
|
Cysteine
|
- Palmitoylation
- Prenylation
|
|
Aspartate
|
|
|
Glutamate
|
- Carboxylation
- Methylation
- Polyglutamylation
- Polyglycylation
|
|
Asparagine
|
- Deamidation
- Glycosylation
|
|
Glutamine
|
|
|
Lysine
|
- Methylation
- Acetylation
- Acylation
- Adenylylation
- Hydroxylation
- Ubiquitination
- Sumoylation
- ADP-ribosylation
- Deamination
- Oxidative deamination to aldehyde
- O-glycosylation
- Imine formation
- Glycation
- Carbamylation
|
|
Arginine
|
- Citrullination
- Methylation
- ADP-ribosylation
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|
Proline
|
|
|
Histidine
|
- Diphthamide formation
- Adenylylation
|
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Tryptophan
|
|
|
|
Crosslinks between two AAs |
Cysteine-Cysteine
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|
|
Methionine-Hydroxylysine
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|
|
Lysine-Tyrosylquinone
|
- Lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) formation
|
|
Tryptophan-Tryptophylquinone
|
- Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) formation
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|
|
Three consecutive AAs
(chromophore formation) |
Serine–Tyrosine–Glycine
|
- p-Hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolinone formation
|
|
Histidine–Tyrosine–Glycine
|
- 4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone formation
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|
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Crosslinks between four AAs |
Allysine-Allysine-Allysine-Lysine
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|
|
|
Index of genetics
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|
Description |
- Gene expression
- DNA
- replication
- cycle
- recombination
- repair
- binding proteins
- Transcription
- factors
- regulators
- nucleic acids
- RNA
- RNA binding proteins
- ribonucleoproteins
- repeated sequence
- modification
- Translation
- ribosome
- modification
- nexins
- Proteins
- domains
- Structure
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
|
|
Disease |
- Replication and repair
- Transcription factor
- Transcription
- Translation
|
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- A visible light induced photoelectrochemical aptsensor constructed by aligned ZnO@CdTe core shell nanocable arrays/carboxylated g-C3N4 for the detection of Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 gene.
- Pang X1, Pan J2, Gao P1, Wang Y1, Wang L1, Du B3, Wei Q1.
- Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Dec 15;74:49-58. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.030. Epub 2015 Jun 20.
- It was reported that Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 (PCSK6) can promote the progression of rheumatoid arthritis to a higher aggressive status. In this work, a novel visible light induced photoelectrochemical (PEC) platform was designed to detect PCSK6 gene. ZnO@CdTe nanocable arrays/c
- PMID 26119758
- An electrochemical sensor for warfarin determination based on covalent immobilization of quantum dots onto carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes and chitosan composite film modified electrode.
- Gholivand MB1, Mohammadi-Behzad L2.
- Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2015 Dec 1;57:77-87. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.020. Epub 2015 Jul 20.
- A method is described for the construction of a novel electrochemical warfarin sensor based on covalent immobilization of CdS-quantum dots (CdS-QDs) onto carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes/chitosan (CS) composite film on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. The CdS-QDs/CS/MWCNTs were cha
- PMID 26354242
- Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Growth on Functionalized Surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-Zr-Nb Alloys.
- Pylypchuk IeV1, Petranovskaya AL, Gorbyk PP, Korduban AM, Markovsky PE, Ivasishin OM.
- Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2015 Dec;10(1):1017. doi: 10.1186/s11671-015-1017-x. Epub 2015 Aug 22.
- A biomimetic approach for coating titanium-containing alloys with hydroxyapatite (HA) is reported in the article. Two types of Ti-containing alloys were chosen as an object for coating: Ti-6Al-4V (recommended for orthopedic application) and a novel highly biocompatible Ti-Zr-Nb alloy, with good mech
- PMID 26297184
Japanese Journal
- 新規凍害保護物質カルボキシル基導入ポリリジンを用いたマウス未受精卵のガラス化保存法の開発
- 渡邊 ひとみ,小早 菜月,藤原 克祥,松村 和明,玄 丞烋,伊藤 潤哉,柏崎 直巳
- Journal of mammalian ova research = 日本哺乳動物卵子学会誌 28(2), 62, 2011-04-01
- NAID 10028124378
- Serum concentrations of carboxylated osteocalcin are increased and associated with several components of the polycystic ovarian syndrome
- DIAMANTI-KANDARAKIS Evanthia,LIVADAS Sarantis,KATSIKIS Ilias,PIPERI Christine,AIMILIA Mantziou,PAPAVASSILIOU Athanasios G.,PANIDIS Dimitrios
- Journal of bone and mineral metabolism 29(2), 201-206, 2011-03-30
- NAID 10029024297
Related Links
- Carboxylation in biochemistry is a posttranslational modification of glutamate residues, to γ-carboxyglutamate, in proteins. It occurs primarily in proteins involved in the blood clotting cascade, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X, protein C, and ...
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- 関
- carboxylated
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- carboxylation、carboxylated
[★]
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- carboxylic acid