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an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain (同)saccharide, sugar

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1. 食事中の炭水化物 dietary carbohydrates
2. 成人における肥満：食事療法 obesity in adults dietary therapy
3. 成人における健康食 healthy diet in adults
4. 2型糖尿病における栄養上の考慮事項 nutritional considerations in type 2 diabetes mellitus
5. 2型糖尿病の治療のためのジペプチジルペプチダーゼ4（DPP-4）阻害剤 dipeptidyl peptidase 4 dpp 4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Pen and Pal Are Nucleotide-Sugar Dehydratases That Convert UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-6-Deoxy-d-GlcNAc-5,6-ene and Then to UDP-4-Keto-6-deoxy-l-AltNAc for CMP-Pseudaminic Acid Synthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis.

Li Z1, Hwang S2, Ericson J2, Bowler K2, Bar-Peled M3.
The Journal of biological chemistry.J Biol Chem.2015 Jan 9;290(2):691-704. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.612747. Epub 2014 Nov 20.
CMP-pseudaminic acid is a precursor required for the O-glycosylation of flagellin in some pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, a process known to be critical in bacterial motility and infection. However, little is known about flagellin glycosylation in Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we identified and f
PMID 25414257

REDOR constraints on the peptidoglycan lattice architecture of Staphylococcus aureus and its FemA mutant.

Singh M1, Kim SJ2, Sharif S1, Preobrazhenskaya M3, Schaefer J4.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Jan;1848(1 Pt B):363-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.025. Epub 2014 Jun 2.
The peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria consists of glycan chains with attached short peptide stems cross-linked to one another by glycyl bridges. The bridge of Staphylococcus aureus has five glycyl units and that of its FemA mutant has one. These long- and short-bridge cross-links create totall
PMID 24990251

Structural and functional characterization of the Clostridium perfringens N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase essential for the sialic acid salvage pathway.

Pélissier MC1, Sebban-Kreuzer C2, Guerlesquin F2, Brannigan JA3, Bourne Y1, Vincent F4.
The Journal of biological chemistry.J Biol Chem.2014 Dec 19;289(51):35215-24. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.604272. Epub 2014 Oct 15.
Pathogenic bacteria are endowed with an arsenal of specialized enzymes to convert nutrient compounds from their cell hosts. The essential N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase (NanE) belongs to a convergent glycolytic pathway for utilization of the three amino sugars, GlcNAc, ManNAc, and siali
PMID 25320079

Metabolic Mechanism of Mannan in a Ruminal Bacterium, Ruminococcus albus, Involving Two Mannoside Phosphorylases and Cellobiose 2-Epimerase : Discovery of a New Carbohydrate Phosphorylase, β-1,4-Mannooligosaccharide Phosphorylase

Kawahara Ryosuke,Saburi Wataru,Odaka Rei,Taguchi Hidenori,Ito Shigeaki,Mori Haruhide,Matsui Hirokazu
Journal of Biological Chemistry 287(50), 42389-42399, 2012-12-07
… Cellobiose 2-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.11, CE), which converts cellobiose to 4-O-β-D-glucosyl-D-mannose, is a particularly unique enzyme in R. …
NAID 120005108187

Enzymatic Characterization and Comparison of Various Poaceae UDP-GlcA 4-Epimerase Isoforms

Gu Xiaogang,Wages Christopher J.,Davis Kathryn E. [他],GUYETT Paul J.,BAR-PELED Maor
The journal of biochemistry 146(4), 527-534, 2009-10-01
NAID 10026303967