背甲、甲羅　　

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hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles (同)shell, cuticle, shield

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(カメノ)背;(カニ・ビなどの)甲殻

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/03 09:37:32」(JST)

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"Cephalic shield" redirects here. For the head shield in arthropods see Cephalon (arthropod head)

Diagram of a prawn, with the carapace highlighted in red.

A carapace is a dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods such as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates such as turtles and tortoises. In turtles and tortoises, the underside is called the plastron.

Crustaceans

The molted carapace of a lady crab from Long Beach, New York.

In crustaceans, the carapace is a part of the exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax. The carapace functions as a protective cover over the cephalothorax. Where it projects forward beyond the eyes, this projection is called a rostrum. The carapace is calcified to varying degrees in different crustaceans.^[1]

Zooplankton within the phylum Crustacea also have a carapace. These include Cladocera, ostracods, and isopods, however isopods only have a developed "cephalic shield" carapace covering the head.

Arachnida

Diagram of an arachnid, with the carapace highlighted in purple

In arachnids, the carapace is formed by the fusion of prosomal tergites into a single plate which carries the eyes, ocularium, ozopores (a pair of openings of the scent gland of Opiliones) and diverse phaneres.^[2]

In a few orders, such as Solifugae and Schizomida, the carapace may be subdivided. In Opiliones, some authors prefer to use the term carapace interchangeably with the term cephalothorax, which is incorrect usage, because carapace refers only to the dorsal part of the exoskeleton of the cephalothorax.

Alternative terms for the carapace of arachnids and their relatives, which avoids confusion with crustaceans, are prosomal dorsal shield and peltidium.

Turtles and tortoises

A Greek tortoise shell opened to show the skeleton from below

The carapace is the dorsal (back) convex part of the shell structure of a turtle, consisting primarily of the animal's ribcage, dermal armor and scutes.^[3]^[4]

References

^ Dean Pentcheff (ed.). "Carapace". Crustacea Glossary. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
^ Jan Beccaloni (2009). Arachnids. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26140-2.
^ A. S. Romer (1956). Osteology of the Reptiles. University of Chicago Press.
^ R. Zangerl (1969). "The turtle shell". In C. Gans, D. d'A. Bellairs & T. A. Parsons. Biology of the Reptilia 1. London: Academic Press. pp. 311–340.

English Journal

A new species of Tunga perforating the osteoderms of its armadillo host in Argentina and redescription of the male of Tunga terasma.

Ezquiaga MC1, Linardi PM, DE Avelar DM, Lareschi M.
Medical and veterinary entomology.Med Vet Entomol.2015 Jun;29(2):196-204. doi: 10.1111/mve.12106. Epub 2015 Jan 29.
A new species of Tunga (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) collected from armadillos in Argentina is described. The new species is characterized by large and pigmented eyes, the presence of two bristles on antennal segment II, two bristles at the base of the maxilla, and a discoid neosome compressed anteropost
PMID 25630228

Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), mercury, methyl mercury, and arsenic in blue crab Portunus segnis from Persian Gulf.

Ghaeni M1, Pour NA, Hosseini M.
Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2015 May;187(5):4459. doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-4459-9. Epub 2015 Apr 16.
Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), mercury (Hg), methyl mercury (MMHg), and arsenic (As) in the hepatopancreas and muscle of blue swimming crab Portunus segnis from Bushehr shore, north Part of Persian Gulf, were investigated. In addition, the r
PMID 25877642

The integumental appendages of the turtle shell: An evo-devo perspective.

Moustakas-Verho JE1, Cherepanov GO.
Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution.J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol.2015 May;324(3):221-9. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22619.
The turtle shell is composed of dorsal armor (carapace) and ventral armor (plastron) covered by a keratinized epithelium. There are two epithelial appendages of the turtle shell: scutes (large epidermal shields separated by furrows and forming a unique mosaic) and tubercles (numerous small epidermal
PMID 25877335

Japanese Journal

Growth of the Coconut Crab, Birgus latro, at its Northernmost Range Estimated from Mark—Recapture Using Individual Identification Based on Carapace Grooving Patterns

Zoological science 32(3), 260-265, 2015-06
NAID 40020491084

A New Species of the Stenopodidean Shrimp Genus Spongicola (Crustacea: Decapoda: Spongicolidae) from French Polynesia, South Pacific

Species diversity : an international journal for taxonomy, systematics, speciation, biogeography, and life history research of animals 20(1), 29-36, 2015-05-25
NAID 110009963649

SEM morphological study of the clam shrimp type specimens of Eosestheria sihetunensis from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation in western Liaoning, northeastern China