WordNet

a process that impregnates something with calcium (or calcium salts)
an inflexible and unchanging state; "the calcification of negotiations"
tissue hardened by deposition of lime salts
turn into lime; become calcified; "The rock calcified over the centuries"
become impregnated with calcium salts
become inflexible and unchanging; "Old folks can calcify"
convert into lime; "the salts calcified the rock"
transform (a metal) into an ore
convert into a mineral substance

PrepTutorEJDIC

石灰化 / (生物の組織内などの)石灰沈着;　石灰像
…'を'石灰質にする,石灰化させる / 石灰質になる,石灰化する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/08 00:55:23」(JST)

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Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue. It normally occurs in the formation of bone, but calcium can be deposited abnormally in soft tissue,^[1]^[2] causing it to harden. Calcifications may be classified on whether there is mineral balance or not, and the location of the calcification.^[3] Calcification may also refer to the processes of normal mineral deposition in biological systems, such as the formation of stromatolites or mollusc shells (see Mineralization (biology) or Biomineralization).

Density-Dependent Colour Scanning Electron Micrograph SEM (DDC-SEM) of cardiovascular calcification, showing in orange calcium phosphate spherical particles (denser material) and, in green, the extracellular matrix (less dense material).^[1]

Causes of soft tissue calcification

Calcification of soft tissue (arteries, cartilage, heart valves,^[1]^[2] etc.) can be caused by vitamin K₂ deficiency or by poor calcium absorption due to a high calcium/vitamin D ratio. This can occur with or without a mineral imbalance.

Intake of excessive Vitamin D can cause Vitamin D poisoning and excessive intake of calcium from the intestine, when accompanied by a deficiency of vitamin K (perhaps induced by an anticoagulant) can result in calcification of arteries and other soft tissue.^[4] Such metastatic soft tissue calcification is mainly in tissues containing "calcium catchers" such as elastic fibres or sour mucopolysaccharides. These tissues especially include the lungs (pumice lung) and the aorta.^[5]

Mineral balance

Dystrophic calcification, without a systemic mineral imbalance.
Metastatic calcification, a systemic elevation of calcium levels in the blood and all tissues.

Symptoms

Calcification can manifest itself in many ways in the body. Several conditions can be caused by poor calcium absorption:^{[medical citation needed]}

Tartar on teeth
Arthritic bone spurs
Kidney stones
Gall stones
Heterotopic bone

Location

Skeletal calcification
Extraskeletal calcification
- e.g. calciphylaxis
Brain (e.g. Fahr's syndrome)
Tumour calcification
- e.g. calcification in ovarian tumours

Pattern

Patterns of calcifications may indicate pathological processes. Laminated appearance suggests granulomatous disease while popcorn calcification indicates hamartoma. Malignant lesions may have stippled or eccentric calcification.

Breast disease

In a number of breast pathologies, calcium is often deposited at sites of cell death or in association secretions or hyalinized stroma, resulting in pathologic calcification. For example, small, irregular, linear calcifications may be seen, via mammography, in a ductal carcinoma-in-situ to produce visible radio-opacities.^[6]

Treatment

Treatment of high calcium/vitamin D ratio may most easily be accomplished by intake of more vitamin D if vitamin K is normal. Intake of too much vitamin D would be evident by anorexia, loss of appetite, or soft tissue calcification.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Bertazzo, Sergio; Gentleman, Eileen; Cloyd, Kristy L.; Chester, Adrian H.; Yacoub, Magdi H.; Stevens, Molly M. (2013). "Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification". Nature Materials 12 (6): 576–583. doi:10.1038/nmat3627. ISSN 1476-1122.
^ ^a ^b Miller, J. D. Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins. Nature Materials 12, 476-478 (2013).
^ Calcification The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
^ Paul Price, et al., "Warfarin-Induced Artery Calcification Is Accelerated by Growth and Vitamin D", Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2000, Vol. 20, pp. 317-327.
^ McGavin, Zachary. Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, fourth edition; Elsevier 2007.
^ Robbins and Cotran (2009), Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th edition, Elsevier.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 皮膚石灰沈着症：病院および患者の評価 calcinosis cutis etiology and patient evaluation
2. 急性冠症候群における不安定プラークの役割 the role of the vulnerable plaque in acute coronary syndromes
3. 冠動脈疾患のマネージメントにおける血行再建術専用デバイス specialized revascularization devices in the management of coronary heart disease
4. 不安定プラークの病理および病因 pathology and pathogenesis of the vulnerable plaque
5. 皮膚石灰沈着症：マネージメント calcinosis cutis management

English Journal

Osteoconductive protamine-based polyelectrolyte multilayer functionalized surfaces.

Samuel RE, Shukla A, Paik DH, Wang MX, Fang JC, Schmidt DJ, Hammond PT.SourceDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2011 Oct;32(30):7491-502. Epub 2011 Jul 18.
The integration of orthopedic implants with host bone presents a major challenge in joint arthroplasty, spinal fusion and tumor reconstruction. The cellular microenvironment can be programmed via implant surface functionalization allowing direct modulation of osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and
PMID 21764442

The effect of composition of calcium phosphate composite scaffolds on the formation of tooth tissue from human dental pulp stem cells.

Zheng L, Yang F, Shen H, Hu X, Mochizuki C, Sato M, Wang S, Zhang Y.SourceFujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2011 Oct;32(29):7053-9. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
Different approaches towards making 3-dimensional (3-D) bioengineered tooth for future replacement therapy have been developed including scaffold-based tooth regeneration. However, selection of optimal scaffold for future clinical application remains a challenge. In the present study, we tested bioc
PMID 21722953

Japanese Journal

DHEA Administration Activates Local Bioactive Androgen Metabolism in Cancellous Site of Tibia of Ovariectomized Rats

Park Jong-Hoon,Aizawa Katsuji,Iemitsu Motoyuki,Sato Koji,Akimoto Takayuki,Agata Umon,Maeda Seiji,Ezawa Ikuko,Omi Naomi,前田清司,麻見直美
Calcified
It is not known whether local androgen metabolism is involved in the mechanisms underlying the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administration-induced improvement of bone mineral density (BMD) in an estr …
NAID 120003255844

Evaluation of Severely Calcified Coronary Artery Using Fast-Switching Dual-kVp 64-Slice Computed Tomography

YAMADA Minoru,JINZAKI Masahiro,IMAI Yasuhiro,YAMAZAKI Shun,IMANISHI Nobuaki,TANAMI Yutaka,YAMAZAKI Akihisa,AISO Sadakazu,KURIBAYASHI Sachio
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 75(2), 472-473, 2011-01-25
NAID 10027427571