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a lotion consisting of a liquid preparation containing calamine; used to treat itching or mild skin irritations

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カラミン(異極鉱;化粧水などに使われる)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/10 20:33:48」(JST)

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This article is about the chemical mixture. For other uses, see Calamine (disambiguation).

Calamine is either a mixture of zinc oxide (ZnO) with about 0.5% ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃)^[1]^[2] or a zinc carbonate compound.^[3] It is the main ingredient in calamine lotion and is used as an anti-pruritic (anti-itching agent, attributed to the presence of phenol in the formulation) to treat mild pruritic conditions such as sunburn, eczema, rashes, poison ivy, poison oak, chickenpox, and insect bites and stings.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] It is also used as a mild antiseptic to prevent infections that can be caused by scratching the affected area, and an astringent to dry weeping or oozing blisters and acne abscesses.^[10]

Medical uses[edit]

In a 1992 press release, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that no proof had been submitted showing calamine to be safe for use or effective in treating bug bites, stings, and rashes from poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac.^[11] The press release listed a total of 415 over the counter (OTC) drug ingredients which the FDA proposed banning for specific uses which are as yet unproven.

In a September 2, 2008 document, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended applying topical OTC skin protectants, such as calamine, to relieve the itch caused by poisonous plants such as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac.^[12]

References[edit]

^ Calvert, James B. "Zinc and Cadmium". Physics. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ ScienceLab.com, Inc. "Calamine, Powder, USP". Alphabetical Listing of Chemicals. ScienceLab.com, Inc. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ Martin (ed), Elizabeth A. (2012). Concise Medical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. "calamine". ISBN 9780191727016.
^ "Calamine cream and lotion". netdoctor. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
^ Calamine
^ The South African Medicines Formulary: ANTIPRURITICS AND TOPICAL ANAESTHETICS
^ The Good Housekeeping Book of Child Care
^ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Poison ivy - oak - sumac rash
^ Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia: Hives
^ Soothing Remedies for Poison Ivy and Poison Oak
^ "Banning 415 Ingredients from Seven Categories of NonPrescription Drugs". Press Release. FDA. P92-27. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009.
^ September 2, 2008 FDA Document

External links[edit]

Introduction to zinc and its uses

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1. ツタウルシ（トキシコデンドロン属）による皮膚炎 poison ivy toxicodendron dermatitis
2. ツツガムシ咬傷 chigger bites
3. そう痒症：マネージメントの概要 pruritus overview of management
4. クラゲ刺傷 jellyfish stings
5. ジアノッティ・クロスティ症候群（丘疹性末端皮膚炎） gianotti crosti syndrome papular acrodermatitis

English Journal

Calamine lotion to reduce skin irritation in children with cast immobilisation.

Mak MF, Li W, Mahadev A.Author information Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.AbstractPURPOSE. To evaluate the effect of calamine lotion in reducing skin irritation in children with cast immobilisation and to identify factors correlating with skin irritation. METHODS. 250 children aged 6 to 15 years who underwent cast immobilisation for limb fractures were assigned into calamine (n=122) and non-calamine (n=128) groups. Data were collected at the time the cast was applied and removed. Potential confounders (gender, age, race, medical history, drug allergy, cast type, duration of casting, and extent of itch prior to casting) were identified. Each patient graded his levels of itch, sweat, and heat using a 5-point scale (with 5 indicating most severe). The on-duty plaster technician recorded the presence and type of skin lesions (blisters, wounds, or others) during cast removal. RESULTS. Children in the calamine group were less likely to develop skin lesions (1 vs. 9, odds ratio [OR]=0.115, p=0.009), had less itch during casting (mean difference=0.74, p<0.0001), had a greater decrease in the itch level (mean difference=0.84, p<0.0001), and had lower sweat levels (p=0.048). After adjusting for confounders, the chance of developing skin lesions remained lower in the calamine group (OR=0.063, p=0.003). Being an older child and having shorter duration of casting were associated with presence of skin lesions. The odds for having skin lesions increased by 39.2% per year increase in age (OR=1.392, p=0.04) and decreased by 9.4% per day increase in casting duration (OR=0.906, p=0.03). The decrease in itch level remained significantly greater in the calamine group after adjusting for confounders (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION. Calamine lotion may reduce skin irritation in children with full casts.
Journal of orthopaedic surgery (Hong Kong).J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong).2013 Aug;21(2):221-5.
PURPOSE. To evaluate the effect of calamine lotion in reducing skin irritation in children with cast immobilisation and to identify factors correlating with skin irritation. METHODS. 250 children aged 6 to 15 years who underwent cast immobilisation for limb fractures were assigned into calamine (n=1
PMID 24014789

Sequence analysis of hypothetical lysine exporter genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii from calamine old waste heaps and their evolutionary history.

Oleńska E, Małek W.Author information Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland. chwelat@uwb.edu.plAbstractThe aim of this study was to identify heavy metal detoxification system in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii isolated from Trifolium repens inhabiting old (70-100 years) Zn-Pb waste heaps in Poland by PCR reaction with czcD1 and czcD2 primers. By sequence analysis, four different genotypes of obtained amplicons were identified among eight examined isolates. Their sequence similarity ranged 91-99 %. They indicated the highest sequence identity to the hypothetical lysine exporter gene of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM1325 (91-97 %) and 76-81 % sequence similarity to hypothetical lysine exporter genes of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM2304 and R. etli CFN42 and CIAT652. On phylogenetic tree of obtained amplicons, all four studied R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii genotypes formed common monophyletic cluster with R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM1325 at 100 % bootstrap support showing that all four amplicons obtained in PCR with czcD1 and czcD2 primers are fragments of hypothetical lysine exporter gene (lysE). We also suggest that Lys efflux exporter may participate in heavy metal transport out of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii cells.
Current microbiology.Curr Microbiol.2013 May;66(5):493-8. doi: 10.1007/s00284-013-0303-z. Epub 2013 Jan 16.
The aim of this study was to identify heavy metal detoxification system in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii isolated from Trifolium repens inhabiting old (70-100 years) Zn-Pb waste heaps in Poland by PCR reaction with czcD1 and czcD2 primers. By sequence analysis, four different genotypes of ob
PMID 23322256

Morphological, physiological, and genetic variation between metallicolous and nonmetallicolous populations of Dianthus carthusianorum.

Wójcik M, Dresler S, Jawor E, Kowalczyk K, Tukiendorf A.Author information Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland. mwojcik@umcs.plAbstractWaste deposits produced by metal mining and smelting activities provide extremely difficult habitats for plant colonization and growth. Therefore, plants spontaneously colonizing such areas represent a very interesting system for studying evolution of plant adaptation and population differentiation between contaminated and noncontaminated environments. In this study, two populations of Dianthus carthusianorum, one originating from Zn-Pb waste deposit (a metallicolous population, M) and the other from unpolluted soil (a nonmetallicolous population, NM), were analyzed in respect of their morphological and physiological traits as well as genetic markers. It was found that the plants inhabiting the waste heap differed significantly from the NM plants in terms of leaf size and shape, and these differences were persistent between the first generation of the plants of both populations cultivated under uniform, controlled laboratory conditions. In contrast with the evident morphological differences, no significant differentiation between the populations regarding the physiological traits measured (accumulation of proline, anthocyanins, chlorophyll, carotenoids) was found. These traits can be regarded as neither population specific nor stress markers. The genetic variability was analyzed using 17 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and four inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers; this proved that the differentiation between the M and NM populations exists also at the genetic level. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 24% of the total genetic diversity resided among populations, while 76% - within the populations. However, no significant differences in intrapopulation genetic diversity (Hj) between the M and NM populations of D. carthusianorum was found, which contradicts the theory that acquisition of adaptation mechanisms to adverse, isolated growth habitats is related to reduction in genetic diversity. Distinct genetic differences between the two populations in combination with evident morphological variation support the proposal to regard the M population of D. carthusianorum as a separate calamine ecotype.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2013 Jan;90(3):1249-57. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.068. Epub 2012 Oct 16.
Waste deposits produced by metal mining and smelting activities provide extremely difficult habitats for plant colonization and growth. Therefore, plants spontaneously colonizing such areas represent a very interesting system for studying evolution of plant adaptation and population differentiation
PMID 23084517