関: Physostigma、physostigma venenosum

WordNet

African woody vines: calabar beans (同)genus Physostigma
tropical African woody vine yielding calabar beans (同)Physostigma venenosum
to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
any of various leguminous plants grown for their edible seeds and pods (同)bean plant
any of various seeds or fruits that are beans or resemble beans
hit on the head, especially with a pitched baseball
any of various edible seeds of plants of the family Leguminosae used for food (同)edible bean
West Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers and yielding a durable timber and resinous juice (同)Santa Maria tree, Calophyllum calaba

PrepTutorEJDIC

《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
『豆』(おもにいんげん豆・そら豆など大きめの豆類) / 豆のさや(pod) / 豆に似た実 / 《俗》頭 / 《俗》(野球で)ビーンボールを投げる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/31 21:05:32」(JST)

wiki en

Physostigma venenosum (the Calabar bean or ordeal bean) is the seed of a leguminous plant, a native of tropical Africa, poisonous to humans. It derives the first part of its scientific name from a curious beak-like appendage at the end of the stigma, in the centre of the flower; this appendage, though solid, was supposed to be hollow (hence the name from φῦσα, a bladder, and stigma).

Growth

The plant is a large, herbaceous, climbing perennial, with the stem woody at the base, up to 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter; it has a habit like the scarlet runner, and attains a height of about 50 feet (15 m). The flowers, resting on axillary peduncles, are large, about an inch long, grouped in pendulous, fascicled racemes pale-pink or purplish, and beautifully veined. The seed pods, which contain two or three seeds or beans, are 6 or 7 inches (15 or 18 cm) in length; and the beans are about the size of an ordinary horse bean but much thicker, with a deep chocolate-brown color.

Toxicology

Calabar bean contains physostigmine, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor alkaloid. The alkaloid physostigmine acts in effect like nerve gas,^[1] influencing communication between the nerves and muscles, and resulting in copious salivation, seizures, loss of control over the bladder and bowels, and eventually loss of control over the respiratory system, causing death by asphyxiation.^{[citation needed]}

The main antidote to Calabar bean poisoning is atropine,^{[medical citation needed]} which may often succeed; and the other measures are those usually employed to stimulate the circulation and respiration. Unfortunately, the antagonism between physostigmine and atropine is not perfect, and Sir Thomas Richard Fraser has shown that in such cases there comes a time when, if the action of the two drugs is summated, death results sooner than from either alone. Thus atropine will save life if three and a half times the fatal dose of physostigmine has been taken, but will hasten the end if four or more times the fatal dose has been ingested.^[2]^[3]

Historical uses

They constitute the E-ser-e or ordeal beans of the people of Old Calabar, being administered to persons accused of witchcraft or other crimes. In cases where the poisonous material did its deadly work, it was held at once to indicate and rightly to punish guilt; but when it was rejected by the stomach of the accused, innocence was held to be satisfactorily established. A form of dueling with the seeds is also known among the natives, in which the two opponents divide a bean, each eating one half; that quantity has been known to kill both adversaries. Although thus highly poisonous, the bean has nothing in external aspect, taste or smell to distinguish it from any harmless leguminous seed, and disastrous effects have resulted from its being incautiously left in the way of children. The beans were first introduced into Britain in the year 1840; but the plant was not accurately described until 1861, and its physiological effects were investigated in 1863 by Sir Thomas Richard Fraser. The bean usually contains a little more than 1% of alkaloids. Two of these have been identified, one called calabarine with atropine-like effects, and the other, the drug physostigmine, used in the treatment of anticholinergic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, glaucoma and delayed gastric emptying.^{[citation needed]}

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
"The killer bean of Calabar", Laura Spinney, Histories, New Scientist, 28 June 2003.
"A Modern Herbal", Maude Grieve (1931)

http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/calbea05.html

^ Colovic, MB; Krstic, Danijela Z.; Lazarevic-Pasti, Tamara D.; Bondzic, Aleksandra M.; Vasic, Vesna M. (2013). "Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology". Current Neuropharmacology 11 (3): 315–335. doi:10.2174/1570159X11311030006.
^ Fraser, T. R. (1867). "On the Physiological Action of the Calabar-bean (Physostigma venenosum Balf.)". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh XXIV.
^ Fraser, T. R. (1867). "On the Physiological Action of the Calabar Bean". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 1 (2): 323–332. PMC 1318559. PMID 17230725.

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Japanese Journal

47(P04) 2-アリール-1,3-プロパンジオールの生理活性天然物合成への活用(ポスター発表の部)

板東俊和,高畑賢弥,宍戸宏造
天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集 (39), 277-282, 1997-07-20
… Additionally, the synthesis of a potential intermediate for the synthesis of Calabar bean alkaloids, physostigmine 47 and physovenine 48, has been accomplished by using the quaternary center assembly. …
NAID 110006679541

A Formal Asymmetric Synthesis of Calabar Bean Alkaloids

NODE Manabu,HAO Xiao-jiang,NISHIDE Kiyoharu,FUJI Kaoru
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 44(4), 715-719, 1996-04-15
… The synthesis of optically pure (-)-eserethole (2) constitutes a formal synthesis of naturaly occurring Calabar bean alkaloids, such as (-)-physostigmine (1), (-)-physovenine (17) and (-)-geneserine (18). …
NAID 110003631960

37 ケトジシクロペンタジエンを活用する生物活性天然物のエナンチオ制御合成(口頭発表の部)

高野誠一,守谷実,猪股浩平,小笠原國郎
天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集 (34), 281-288, 1992-09-10
… This leads to enantiocontrolled syntheses of the Calabar bean alkaloids, (-)-physovenine (33) and (-)-physostigmine (38), and the cuparane sesquiterpenes, (-)-herbertene (48), (+)-β-cuparenone (49), (-)-debromoaplysin (58), and (-)-aplysin (59). …
NAID 110006679098

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「カラバルマメ」「Physostigma」「カラバル豆」「physostigma venenosum」
関連記事	「bean」「be」

「カラバルマメ」

Calabar bean
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Genus:	Physostigma
Species:	P. venenosum
Binomial name
	Physostigma venenosum; Balf.