| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
|
| a radiograph of bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
pediatrics |
| ICD-10 |
P27.1 |
| ICD-9-CM |
770.7 |
| DiseasesDB |
1713 |
| MedlinePlus |
001088 |
| eMedicine |
ped/289 |
| Patient UK |
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
| MeSH |
D001997 |
|
[edit on Wikidata]
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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD; formerly chronic lung disease of infancy) is a chronic lung disease in which premature infants, usually those who were treated with supplemental oxygen, require long-term oxygen.[1] It is more common in infants with low birth weight and those who receive prolonged mechanical ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It results in significant morbidity and mortality. The definition of BPD has continued to evolve since then primarily due to changes in the population, such as more survivors at earlier gestational ages, and improved neonatal management including surfactant, antenatal glucocorticoid therapy, and less aggressive mechanical ventilation.[2]
Currently the description of BPD includes the grading of its severity into mild, moderate and severe. This correlates with the infant's maturity, growth and overall severity of illness.[3] The new system offers a better description of underlying pulmonary disease and its severity.[4]
Contents
- 1 Diagnosis
- 1.1 Earlier criteria
- 1.2 Newer criteria
- 2 Cause and manifestations
- 3 Complications
- 4 Management
- 5 Epidemiology
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
Diagnosis
Earlier criteria
The classic diagnosis of BPD may be assigned at 28 days of life if the following criteria are met:
- Positive pressure ventilation during the first 2 weeks of life for a minimum of 3 days.
- Clinical signs of abnormal respiratory function.
- Requirements for supplemental oxygen for longer than 28 days of age to maintain PaO2 above 50 mm Hg.
- Chest radiograph with diffuse abnormal findings characteristic of BPD.
Newer criteria
The newer National Institute of Health (US) criteria for BPD (for neonates treated with more than 21% oxygen for at least 28 days)[5] is as follows:,[6][7]
- Mild
- Breathing room air at 36 weeks' post-menstrual age or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born before 32 weeks, or
- breathing room air by 56 days' postnatal age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born after 32 weeks' gestation.
- Moderate
- Need for <30% oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born before 32 weeks, or
- need for <30% oxygen to 56 days' postnatal age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born after 32 weeks' gestation.
- Severe
- Need for >30% oxygen, with or without positive pressure ventilation or continuous positive pressure at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born before 32 weeks, or
- need for >30% oxygen with or without positive pressure ventilation or continuous positive pressure at 56 days' postnatal age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born after 32 weeks' gestation.
Cause and manifestations
Prolonged high oxygen delivery in premature infants causes necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolar septal injury, with inflammation and scarring. This results in hypoxemia. Today, with the advent of surfactant therapy and high frequency ventilation and oxygen supplementation, infants with BPD experience much milder injury without necrotizing bronchiolitis or alveolar septal fibrosis. Instead, there are usually uniformly dilated acini with thin alveolar septa and little or no interstitial fibrosis. It develops most commonly in the first 4 weeks after birth.
Complications
Feeding problems are common in infants with BPD, often due to prolonged intubation. Such infants often display oral-tactile hypersensitivity (also known as oral aversion).[8] Physical findings:
- hypoxemia;
- hypercapnia;
- crackles, wheezing, & decreased breath sounds;
- increased bronchial secretions;
- hyperinflation;
- frequent lower respiratory infections;
- delayed growth & development;
- cor pulmonale;
- CXR shows with hyperinflation, low diaphragm, atelectasis, cystic changes.
Management
There is evidence to show that steroids given to babies less than 8 days old can prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, the risks of treatment may outweigh the benefits.[9] It is unclear if starting steroids more than 7 days after birth is harmful or beneficial. It is thus recommended that they only be used in those who cannot be taken off of a ventilator.[10]
Epidemiology
The rate of BPD varies among institutions, which may reflect neonatal risk factors, care practices (e.g., target levels for acceptable oxygen saturation), and differences in the clinical definitions of BPD.[11][12][13]
See also
- Respiratory care
- Pulmonology
- Neonatology
- Nursing
- Respiratory distress syndrome
- Wilson–Mikity syndrome
References
- ^ Merck Manual, Professional Edition, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD).
- ^ Northway Jr, WH; Rosan, RC; Porter, DY (Feb 16, 1967). "Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 276 (7): 357–68. doi:10.1056/NEJM196702162760701. PMID 5334613.
- ^ Sahni, R; Ammari, A; Suri, MS; Milisavljevic, V; Ohira-Kist, K; Wung, JT; Polin, RA (Jan 2005). "Is the new definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia more useful?". Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association. 25 (1): 41–6. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211210. PMID 15538399.
- ^ Ehrenkranz, RA; Walsh, MC; Vohr, BR; Jobe, AH; Wright, LL; Fanaroff, AA; Wrage, LA; Poole, K; National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research, Network (Dec 2005). "Validation of the National Institutes of Health consensus definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia". Pediatrics. 116 (6): 1353–60. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0249. PMID 16322158.
- ^ Kinsella, JP; Greenough, A; Abman, SH (Apr 29, 2006). "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia". Lancet. 367 (9520): 1421–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68615-7. PMID 16650652.
- ^ "Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia". Patient.info. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ Jobe, AH; Bancalari, E (June 2001). "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163 (7): 1723–9. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2011060. PMID 11401896.
- ^ Gaining & Growing. "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia", Gaining & Growing, March 20, 2007. (Retrieved June 12, 2008.)
- ^ Doyle, LW; Ehrenkranz, RA; Halliday, HL (May 13, 2014). "Early (< 8 days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (5): CD001146. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001146.pub4. PMID 24825456.
- ^ Doyle, LW; Ehrenkranz, RA; Halliday, HL (May 13, 2014). "Late (> 7 days) postnatal corticosteroids for chronic lung disease in preterm infants". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (5): CD001145. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001145.pub3. PMID 24825542.
- ^ Fanaroff AA, Stoll BJ, Wright LL, Carlo WA, Ehrenkranz RA, Stark AR, et al. (2007). "Trends in neonatal morbidity and mortality for very low birthweight infants". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 196 (2): 147.e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.09.014. PMID 17306659.
- ^ Van Marter LJ, Allred EN, Pagano M, Sanocka U, Parad R, Moore M, et al. (2000). "Do clinical markers of barotrauma and oxygen toxicity explain interhospital variation in rates of chronic lung disease? The Neonatology Committee for the Developmental Network". Pediatrics. 105 (6): 1194–201. doi:10.1542/peds.105.6.1194. PMID 10835057.
- ^ Ellsbury DL, Acarregui MJ, McGuinness GA, Eastman DL, Klein JM (2004). "Controversy surrounding the use of home oxygen for premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia". J Perinatol. 24 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211012. PMID 14726936.
Further reading
- Bhandari, A; Bhandari, V (Jan 2007). "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an update" (PDF). Indian journal of pediatrics. 74 (1): 73–7. doi:10.1007/s12098-007-0032-z. PMID 17264460.
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia on National Institutes of Health
|
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease (P, 760–779)
|
Maternal factors and
complications of pregnancy,
labour and delivery |
| placenta: |
- Placenta praevia
- Placental insufficiency
- Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
|
| chorion/amnion: |
|
| umbilical cord: |
- Umbilical cord prolapse
- Nuchal cord
- Single umbilical artery
|
|
Length of gestation
and fetal growth |
- Small for gestational age/Large for gestational age
- Preterm birth/Postmature birth
- Intrauterine growth restriction
|
| Birth trauma |
- scalp
- Cephalhematoma
- Chignon
- Caput succedaneum
- Subgaleal hemorrhage
- Brachial plexus lesion
- Erb's palsy
- Klumpke paralysis
|
| By system |
| Respiratory |
- Intrauterine hypoxia
- Infant respiratory distress syndrome
- Transient tachypnea of the newborn
- Meconium aspiration syndrome
- pleural disease
- Pneumothorax
- Pneumomediastinum
- Wilson–Mikity syndrome
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
|
| Cardiovascular |
- Pneumopericardium
- Persistent fetal circulation
|
Haemorrhagic and
hematologic disease |
- Vitamin K deficiency
- Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
- HDN
- ABO
- Anti-Kell
- Rh c
- Rh D
- Rh E
- Hydrops fetalis
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Kernicterus
- Neonatal jaundice
- Velamentous cord insertion
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Germinal matrix hemorrhage
- Anemia of prematurity
|
| Digestive |
- Ileus
- Necrotizing enterocolitis
- Meconium peritonitis
|
Integument and
thermoregulation |
- Erythema toxicum
- Sclerema neonatorum
|
| Nervous system |
- Perinatal asphyxia
- Periventricular leukomalacia
|
| Musculoskeletal |
- Gray baby syndrome
- muscle tone
- Congenital hypertonia
- Congenital hypotonia
|
|
| Infectious |
- Vertically transmitted infection
- Neonatal infection
- Congenital rubella syndrome
- Neonatal herpes simplex
- Mycoplasma hominis infection
- Ureaplasma urealyticum infection
- Omphalitis
- Neonatal sepsis
- Group B streptococcal infection
- Neonatal conjunctivitis
|
| Other |
- Miscarriage
- Perinatal mortality
- Stillbirth
- Infant mortality
- Neonatal withdrawal
|
