A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be endogenous (originating naturally within the body), or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases, of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis. They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.
Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).
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Contents
- 1 Short-acting β2-agonists
- 2 Long-acting β2-agonists
- 3 Anticholinergics
- 4 Other
- 5 Common bronchodilators
- 6 References
- 7 External links
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Short-acting β2-agonists[edit]
These are quick-relief or "rescue" medications that provide quick, temporary relief from asthma symptoms or flare-ups. These medications usually take effect within 20 minutes or less, and can last from four to six hours. These inhaled medications are best for treating sudden and severe or new asthma symptoms. Taken 15 to 20 minutes ahead of time, these medications can also prevent asthma symptoms triggered by exercise or exposure to cold air. Some short-acting β-agonists (for example salbutamol) are specific to the lungs; they are called β2-agonists and can relieve bronchospasms without unwanted cardiac (β1) side effects of nonspecific β-agonists (for example, ephedrine or epinephrine). Patients who regularly or frequently need to take short-acting β-agonists should consult their doctor, as such usage indicates uncontrolled asthma, and their routine medications may need adjustment.
Salbutamol is an example of a Short-acting β2-agonist.
Long-acting β2-agonists[edit]
Main article: Long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist
These are long-term medications taken routinely in order to control and prevent bronchoconstriction. They are not intended for fast relief. These medications may take longer to begin working, but relieve airway constriction for up to 12 hours. Commonly taken twice a day with an anti-inflammatory medication, they maintain open airways and prevent asthma symptoms, particularly at night.
Salmeterol and Formoterol are examples of these.
Anticholinergics[edit]
Main article: Anticholinergics
Some examples of anticholinergics are tiotropium (Spiriva) and ipratropium bromide.
Tiotropium is a long-acting, 24 hour, anticholinergic bronchodilator used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Only available as an inhalant, ipratropium bromide is used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. It relieves acute or new asthma symptoms. It will not stop an asthma attack already in progress. Because it has no effect on asthma symptoms when used alone, it is most often paired with a short-acting β2-agonist. While it is considered a relief or rescue medication, it can take a full hour to begin working. For this reason, it plays a minor role in asthma treatment. Dry throat is the most common side effect. If the medication gets in contact with the eyes, it may cause blurred vision for a brief time.
Other[edit]
Available in oral and injectable form, theophylline is a long-acting bronchodilator that prevents asthma episodes. It belongs to the chemical class methyl xanthines (along with caffeine). It is prescribed in severe cases of asthma or those that are difficult to control. It must be taken 1–4 times daily, and doses cannot be missed. Blood tests are required to monitor therapy and to indicate when dosage adjustment is necessary. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach or headache, rapid or irregular heart beat, muscle cramps, nervous or jittery feelings, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may signal the need for an adjustment in medication. It may promote acid reflux, also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Some medications, such as seizure and ulcer medications and antibiotics containing erythromycin, can interfere with the way theophylline works. Coffee, tea, colas, cigarette-smoking, and viral illnesses can all affect the action of theophylline and change its effectiveness. A physician should monitor dosage levels to meet each patient's profile and needs.
Additionally some psychostimulant drugs that have an amphetamine like mode of action, such as amphetamine,[1] methamphetamine, and cocaine,[2] have bronchodilating effects and were used often for asthma due to the lack of effective β2-agonists for use as bronchdilators, but are now rarely, if ever, used medically for their bronchodilation effect.
Common bronchodilators[edit]
The bronchodilators are divided in short- and long-acting groups. Short-acting bronchodilators are used for relief of bronchoconstriction, while long-acting bronchodilators are predominantly used as preventers.
Short-acting bronchodilators include:
- Salbutamol/albuterol (Proventil or Ventolin)
- Levosalbutamol/levalbuterol (Xopenex)
- Pirbuterol (Maxair)
- Epinephrine (Primatene Mist now withdrawn)
- Ephedrine (Bronkaid)
- Terbutaline
Long-acting bronchodilators include
- Salmeterol (Serevent)
- Clenbuterol (Spiropent)
- Formoterol
- Bambuterol
- Indacaterol
References[edit]
- ^ Amphetamine is listed as having medical uses as bronchodilator. Medic8
- ^ Dominic Streatfeild (17 June 2003). Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography. Macmillan. pp. 110–. ISBN 978-0-312-42226-4. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
External links[edit]
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Drugs for obstructive airway diseases: asthma/COPD (R03)
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| Adrenergics, inhalants |
| Short acting β2-agonists |
- Bitolterol
- Carbuterol
- Fenoterol
- Pirbuterol
- Procaterol
- Reproterol
- Rimiterol
- Salbutamol#/Levosalbutamol
- Terbutaline
- Tulobuterol
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| Long acting β2-agonists (LABA) |
- Arformoterol
- Bambuterol
- Clenbuterol
- Formoterol
- Olodaterol
- Salmeterol
- Ultra LABA: Indacaterol
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| other |
- Epinephrine#
- Hexoprenaline
- Isoprenaline (Isoproterenol)
- Orciprenaline (Metaproterenol)
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| Glucocorticoids |
- Beclometasone#
- Betamethasone
- Budesonide
- Ciclesonide
- Flunisolide
- Fluticasone
- Mometasone
- Triamcinolone
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Anticholinergics/
muscarinic antagonist |
- Aclidinium bromide
- Glycopyrronium bromide
- Ipratropium bromide#
- Oxitropium bromide
- Tiotropium bromide
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| Mast cell stabilizers |
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| Xanthines |
- Doxofylline
- Enprofylline
- Theobromine
- Theophylline/Aminophylline/Choline theophyllinate
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| Eicosanoid inhibition |
| Leukotriene antagonists |
- Montelukast
- Pranlukast
- Zafirlukast
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| Lipoxygenase inhibitor |
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| Thromboxane receptor antagonists |
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| Combination products |
- Budesonide/formoterol
- Fluticasone/salmeterol
- Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol
- Mometasone/formoterol
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- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
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anat (n, x, l, c)/phys/devp
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noco (c, p)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug (R1/2/3/5/6/7)
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Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology
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| Lung volumes |
- VC
- FRC
- Vt
- dead space
- CC
- PEF
- calculations
- respiratory minute volume
- FEV1/FVC ratio
- methods of lung testing
- spirometry
- body plethysmography
- peak flow meter
- nitrogen washout
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| Airways/ventilation (V) |
- positive pressure ventilation
- breath (inhalation
- exhalation)
- respiratory rate
- respirometer
- pulmonary surfactant
- compliance
- elastic recoil
- hysteresivity
- airway resistance
- bronchial hyperresponsiveness
- bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation
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| Blood/perfusion (Q) |
- pulmonary circulation
- hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
- pulmonary shunt
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Interactions/
ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) |
- ventilation/perfusion scan
- zones of the lung
- gas exchange
- pulmonary gas pressures
- alveolar gas equation
- alveolar–arterial gradient
- hemoglobin
- oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation
- 2,3-DPG
- Bohr effect
- Haldane effect)
- carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift)
- oxyhemoglobin
- respiratory quotient
- arterial blood gas
- diffusion capacity (DLCO)
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| Control of respiration |
- pons
- pneumotaxic center
- apneustic center
- medulla
- dorsal respiratory group
- ventral respiratory group
- chemoreceptors
- pulmonary stretch receptors
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| Insufficiency |
- high altitude
- oxygen toxicity
- hypoxia
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anat (n, x, l, c)/phys/devp
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noco (c, p)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug (R1/2/3/5/6/7)
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