bronchial tree

WordNet

1. plant with trees; "this lot should be treed so that the house will be shaded in summer"
2. stretch (a shoe) on a shoetree (同)shoetree
3. a figure that branches from a single root; "genealogical tree" (同)tree diagram
4. a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms
5. chase an animal up a tree; "the hunters treed the bear with dogs and killed it"; "her dog likes to tree squirrels"
6. relating to or associated with the bronchi; "bronchial tubes"; "bronchial pneumonia"
7. English actor and theatrical producer noted for his lavish productions of Shakespeare (1853-1917) (同)Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『木』,樹木;(潅木)(bush, shrub),低木に対し)喬木,高木 / (低木や草質植物でも形が高木に似ている)木; / 木製具 / 久分かれした図;系統図;(特に)家系図(family tree) / 〈動物・人〉‘を'木に通い上げる
2. 気管支の
3. bronchusの複数形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/04/06 20:51:17」(JST)

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Bronchus
Conducting passages.
Front view of cartilages of larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Gray's	subject #237 1084
System	respiratory
Artery	bronchial artery
Vein	bronchial vein
Nerve	pulmonary branches of vagus nerve
MeSH	Bronchi

A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. The bronchus branches into smaller tubes, which in turn become bronchioles. No gas exchange takes place in this part of the lungs.

Anatomy

The trachea (windpipe) divides into two main bronchi (also mainstem bronchi), the left and the right, at the level of the sternal angle at the anatomical point known as the carina. The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus. The right main bronchus subdivides into three lobar bronchi, while the left main bronchus divides into two. The lobar bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi, also known as segmentalinic bronchi, each of which supplies a bronchopulmonary segment. A bronchopulmonary segment is a division of a lung separated from the rest of the lung by a connective tissue septum. This property allows a bronchopulmonary segment to be surgically removed without affecting other segments. There are ten segments per lung, but due to anatomic development, several segmental bronchi in the left lung fuse, giving rise to eight. The segmental bronchi divide into many primary bronchioles which divide into terminal bronchioles, each of which then gives rise to several respiratory bronchioles, which go on to divide into two to 11 alveolar ducts. There are five or six alveolar sacs associated with each alveolar duct. The alveolus is the basic anatomical unit of gas exchange in the lung.

There is hyaline cartilage present in the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi. Smooth muscle is present continuously around the bronchi.

In the mediastinum, at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra, the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi. The bronchi branch into smaller and smaller passageways until they terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli.

The cartilage and mucous membrane of the primary bronchi are similar to those in the trachea. As the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles. As the cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle increases. The mucous membrane also undergoes a transition from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium.

The alveolar ducts and alveoli consist primarily of simple squamous epithelium, which permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries occurs across the walls of the alveolar ducts and alveoli.

Role in disease

Bronchitis is defined as inflammation of the bronchi. There are two main types: acute and chronic. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. Chronic bronchitis is a form of COPD, usually associated with smoking or long-term exposure to irritants. Asthma is hyperreactivity of the bronchi with an inflammatory component, often in response to allergens.

While the left mainstem bronchus departs from the trachea at an angle, the right mainstem bronchus is almost a vertical continuation of the trachea. This anatomy predisposes the right lung to several problems:

• If food, liquids, or foreign bodies are aspirated, they often will lodge in the right mainstem bronchus. Aspiration pneumonia may result.
• If the endotracheal tube used for intubation is inserted too far, it usually lodges in the right mainstem bronchus. This allows ventilation of the right lung, but leaves the left lung useless.

Additional images

cross sectional cut of a human secondary bronchus

• Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery

• Mainstem bronchi seen branching off the trachea (labeled at top), with the left mainstem bronchi passing below the aortic arch before branching into smaller bronchi.

References

• Moore, Keith L. and Arthur F. Dalley. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th ed. (1999). ISBN 0-7817-5936-6

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. フレキシブル気管支鏡検査：機器、手順、および合併症 flexible bronchoscopy equipment procedure and complications
• 2. 蛍光気管支鏡検査 fluorescence bronchoscopy
• 3. 回虫症の肺症状 pulmonary manifestations of ascariasis
• 4. 気道ステント airway stents
• 5. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）：定義、臨床症状、診断、および病期分類 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease definition clinical manifestations diagnosis and staging

English Journal

• Toward the modeling of mucus draining from the human lung: role of the geometry of the airway tree.

• Mauroy B, Fausser C, Pelca D, Merckx J, Flaud P.SourceLaboratoire MSC, Universite Paris 7/CNRS, Paris, France. Laboratoire J. A. Dieudonne, Universite de Nice Sophia-Antipolis/CNRS, Nice, France.
• Physical biology.Phys Biol.2011 Oct;8(5):056006. Epub 2011 Aug 24.
• Mucociliary clearance and cough are the two main natural mucus draining methods in the bronchial tree. If they are affected by a pathology, they can become insufficient or even ineffective, then therapeutic draining of mucus plays a critical role to keep mucus levels in the lungs acceptable. The man
• PMID 21865620

Japanese Journal

• 喉頭マスク併用による気道確保にて迅速かつ安全に治療しえた鋳型気管支炎の1例

• 坂入 祐一,星野 英久,石橋 史博,田村 創,和田 啓伸,芳野 充,溝渕 輝明,守屋 康充,岡本 龍郎,吉田 成利,吉野 一郎
• 気管支学 : 日本気管支研究会雑誌 32(6), 504-507, 2010-11-25
• 背景.インフルエンザウイルス感染を契機とし呼吸不全に至った鋳型気管支炎の1例を経験した.症例.既往歴として喘息をもつ8歳男児.2009年初頭に咳嗽,喘鳴を訴え,その後呼吸苦および胸痛が悪化し近医を受診した.気管支喘息および肺炎の診断で入院となったが,加療にも関わらず胸部X線で無気肺の増悪を認めた.当院へ搬送後,気管支鏡を全身麻酔下に喉頭マスクを使用して行ったところ,右の気管支内に多量の粘液栓を認め …
• NAID 110007989569

Related Links

• Bronchial Tree - Innvista.com

Bronchial Tree. Trachea Also known as the windpipe, it is a tube about 10-12.5 cm long (4-5 inches) and about 2.5 cm wide (1 inch). It extends from the lower edge of the larynx downward into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into right and left ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「気管支樹」
関連記事	「tree」「bronchial」

「気管支樹」

　　[★]

英

()

英

bronchial tree

「tree」

　　[★]

• n.

• 樹木

関

forest

PHP

ツリーの作り方

(1) tree

(2) drree

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「bronchial」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 気管支の

関

bronchi、bronchial tube、bronchus