WordNet

remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body"
having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" (同)deboned
a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance (同)castanets, clappers, finger cymbals
the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life (同)metabolic_process

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
(魚など)骨を取り除いた / (衣服が)(コルセットなどで)骨で張りをつけた[ような]
新陳代謝,物質交代

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/03 13:54:24」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.

Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to functional demands of the mechanical loading.

In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced. In adults, remodeling proceeds at about 10% per year.^[1]

An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two sub-processes, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.^[2]

Physiology

Bone homeostasis involves multiple but coordinated cellular and molecular events.^[3] Two main types of cells are responsible for bone metabolism: osteoblasts (which secrete new bone), and osteoclasts (which break bone down). The structure of bones as well as adequate supply of calcium requires close cooperation between these two cell types and other cell populations present at the bone remodeling sites (ex. immune cells).^[4] Bone metabolism relies on complex signaling pathways and control mechanisms to achieve proper rates of growth and differentiation. These controls include the action of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, growth hormone, steroids, and calcitonin, as well as several bone marrow-derived membrane and soluble cytokines and growth factors (ex. M-CSF, RANKL, VEGF, IL-6 family...). It is in this way that the body is able to maintain proper levels of calcium required for physiological processes.

Subsequent to appropriate signaling, osteoclasts move to resorb the surface of the bone, followed by deposition of bone by osteoblasts. Together, the cells that are responsible for bone remodeling are known as the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and the temporal duration (i.e. lifespan) of the BMU is referred to as the bone remodeling period.^[5]

Gallery

Osteoblasts actively synthesizing osteoid containing two osteocytes.
Osteoclast, with bone below it, showing typical distinguishing characteristics: a large cell with multiple nuclei and a "foamy" cytosol.

References

^ Wheeless Textbook
^ Online Medical Dictionary
^ Raggatt, L. J. et al. (May 25, 2010). "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling". The Journal of Biological (American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) 285: p. 25103–25108. doi:10.1074/jbc.R109.041087. Retrieved http://www.jbc.org/content/285/33/25103.full. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ Sims, N. A. et al. (8 January 2014). "Coupling the activities of bone formation and resorption: a multitude of signals within the basic multicellular unit". BONEKEY REPORTS | REVIEW (Macmillan Publishers Limited). doi:10.1038/bonekey.2013.215. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
^ Pietrzak, WS. Musculoskeletal tissue regeneration: biological materials and methods, Humana Press, 2008. ISBN 1-58829-909-0 page 48

UpToDate Contents

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1. 骨代謝の生理学および生化学的マーカー bone physiology and biochemical markers of bone turnover
2. 骨格の正常な発達および骨形成ならびに骨吸収の調節 normal skeletal development and regulation of bone formation and resorption
3. 骨代謝に影響を与える薬 drugs that affect bone metabolism
4. 小児における慢性腎臓病のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in children
5. 播種性前立腺癌に対する治療の概要 overview of the treatment of disseminated prostate cancer

English Journal

Osteomalacia in Crohn's disease.

Dedeoglu M1, Garip Y, Bodur H.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2014 Dec;9(1):177. doi: 10.1007/s11657-014-0177-0. Epub 2014 May 14.
Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by impaired mineralization of the bone matrix. Vitamin D deficiency due to malabsorption syndromes may cause osteomalacia. This is a case of a patient with a 6-year history of seronegative spondyloarthropathy associated with Crohn's disease who
PMID 24847674

Relation between BMD and biochemical, transfusion and endocrinological parameters in pediatric thalassemic patients.

Mohseni F1, Mohajeri-Tehrani MR, Larijani B, Hamidi Z.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2014 Dec;9(1):174. doi: 10.1007/s11657-014-0174-3. Epub 2014 Mar 21.
Low BMDs, short stature, hypogonadism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and IFG are found in 3.3, 10, 33, 16.6, 6.6, and 26.6 % of 30 pediatric β thalassemia major patients, respectively. Age is related with low Z-scores. Short stature and hypogonadism patients were older. These patients' monitoring in
PMID 24652076

The effects of high fat, low carbohydrate and low fat, high carbohydrate diets on tumor necrosis factor superfamily proteins and proinflammatory cytokines in C57BL/6 mice.

Sirjani M1, Taleban FA2, Hekmatdoost A3, Amiri Z4, Pellizzon M5, Hedayati M6, Bidad K7, Shokouhi Shoormasti R8, Pourpak Z9.
Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology.Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol.2014 Aug;13(4):247-55.
There has been considerable inconsistency regarding the potential relationship between dyslipidemia and bone metabolism. The inflammatory stimulation through the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/ receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)/ osteoprotegerin
PMID 24659160