大胆な

関: daring

WordNet

fearless and daring; "bold settlers on some foreign shore"; "a bold speech"; "a bold adventure"
clear and distinct; "bold handwriting"; "a figure carved in bold relief"; "a bold design"
the trait of being willing to undertake things that involve risk or danger; "the proposal required great boldness"; "the plan required great hardiness of heart" (同)daring, hardiness, hardihood
impudent aggressiveness; "I couldnt believe her boldness"; "he had the effrontery to question my honesty" (同)nerve, brass, face, cheek
the quality of standing out strongly and distinctly (同)strikingness
German naturalist who explored Central and South America and provided a comprehensive description of the physical universe (1769-1859) (同)Baron Alexander von Humboldt, Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt
German philologist noted for his studies of the relation between language and culture (1767-1835) (同)Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt, Baron Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt
print in boldface
a typeface with thick heavy lines (同)bold face, bold

PrepTutorEJDIC

『大胆な,恐れを知らない』(fearless) / ずぶとい,ずうずうしい / 太くて目立つ;(文字が)肉太の / けわしい
大胆な,ずぶとい(bold) / 思いきった,ざん新な / {名}〈U〉 / 大胆不敵,勇敢さ
大胆さ;ずぶとさ,厚かましさ
肉太活字
(人・行動が)厚かましい,ずうずうしい,つらの皮が厚い / 肉太活字の
(ドイツ民間伝承の)小鬼,小妖精(goblin)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/16 11:35:03」(JST)

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"Bold" and "Boldface" redirect here. For other uses, see Bold (disambiguation) and Boldface (disambiguation).

Example of blackletter emphasis using the technique of changing fonts

In typography, emphasis is the exaggeration of words in a text with a font in a different style from the rest of the text—to emphasize them.

Methods and use[edit]

Roman emphasis example

The most common methods in Western typography fall under the general technique of emphasis through a change or modification of font: italics, boldface and small caps. Other methods include the alteration of letter case and spacing as well as color and additional graphic marks.

Font styles and variants[edit]

The human eye is very receptive to differences in brightness within a text body. One can therefore differentiate between types of emphasis according to whether the emphasis changes the “blackness” of text. A means of emphasis that does not have much effect on “blackness” is the use of italics, where the text is written in a script style, or the use of oblique, where the vertical orientation of all letters is slanted to the left or right. With one or the other of these techniques (usually only one is available for any typeface), words can be highlighted without making them stand out much from the rest of the text (inconspicuous stressing). Traditionally, this is used for marking passages that have a different context, such as words from foreign languages, book titles, and the like.

By contrast, bold font weight makes text darker than the surrounding text. With this technique, the emphasized text strongly stands out from the rest; it should therefore be used to highlight certain keywords that are important to the subject of the text, for easy visual scanning of text. For example, printed dictionaries often use boldface for their keywords, and the names of entries can conventionally be marked in bold.

Small capitals are also used for emphasis, especially for the first line of a section, sometimes accompanied by or instead of a drop cap, or for personal names as in bibliographies.

If the text body is typeset in a serif typeface, it is also possible to highlight words by setting them in a sans serif face. This practice is often considered archaic in Latin script, but some professional modern font families are designed to come with matching serif and sans-serif variants. In Japanese typography, due to the reduced legibility of heavier Minchō type, the practice remains common.

Capitalization[edit]

The house styles of many publishers in the United States use capitalization or all-uppercase letters to emphasize

chapter and section headings;
newspaper headlines;
publication titles;
warning messages;
word of important meaning.

Capitalization is used much less commonly today by British publishers, and usually only for book titles.

All-uppercase letters are a common form of emphasis where the medium lacks support for boldface, such as old typewriters, plain-text email, SMS and other text-messaging systems.

Letter spacing[edit]

Main article: letter-spacing

An example of sperrsatz. Note wider spacing of the word gesperrt (“letterspaced”).

In blackletter typesetting and typewriter manuscripts, a different means of emphasis is often used. To achieve a variance in blackness, instead of making the letters darker, one would increase the spacing between them. This resulted in an effect reverse to boldface: the emphasized text becomes lighter than its environment. This letter-spacing is referred to as sperren in German which could be translated as "spacing out": in typesetting with letters of lead, the spacing would be achieved by inserting additional non-printing slices of metal between the types, usually about an eighth of an em wide. On typewriters a full space was used between the letters of an emphasised word and also one before and one after the word.

For blackletter type boldface was not feasible, since the letters were very dark in their standard format, and on (most) typewriters only a single type was available. Although letterspacing was common, sometimes different typefaces (e.g. Schwabacher inside Fraktur), underlining or colored, usually red ink were used instead.

Since blackletter type remained in use in German speaking parts of Europe much longer than anywhere else, the custom of letterspacing is sometimes seen as specific to German, although it has been used with other languages, including English. Especially in German, however, this kind of emphasis may also be used within modern type, e.g. where italics already serve another semantic purpose (as in linguistics) and where no further means of emphasis (e.g. small caps) are easily available or feasible. Its professional use today is very limited in German.

German orthographic (or rather typographic) rules require that the mandatory blackletter ligatures are retained. That means, ſt, ch, ck, and tz are still stuck together just as the letter ß, whereas optional, additional ligatures like ff and ſi are broken up with a (small) space in between. Other writing systems did not develop such sophisticated rules since spacing was so uncommon therein.

In Cyrillic typography, it also used to be common to emphasize words using letterspaced type. This practice for Cyrillic has become obsolete with the availability of Cyrillic italic and small capital fonts.^[1]

Underlining[edit]

Professional Western typesetting usually does not employ lines under letters for emphasis within running text, because it is considered too distracting. Underlining is, however, often used with typewriters, in handwriting and with some non-alphabetic scripts. It is also used for secondary emphasis, i.e. marks added by the reader and not the author.

Overlining[edit]

In Arabic, it is traditional to emphasize text by drawing a line over the letters.^[2]

Punctuation marks[edit]

In Chinese, emphasis in body text is supposed to be indicated by using an "emphasis mark" (着重號), which is a dot placed under each character to be emphasized. This is still taught in schools, but in practice it is not usually done, probably due to the difficulty of doing this in most computer software. Methods used for emphasis in western texts but inappropriate for Chinese, for example underlining and setting text in artificially slanted type (frequently incorrectly called "italics"), are often used instead.

In Japanese texts, when katakana would be inappropriate, emphasis is indicated by "emphasis dots" (圏点 or 傍点) placed above the kanji and any accompanying furigana in horizontal writing and to the right in vertical writing. Japanese also has an "emphasis line" (傍線) used in a similar manner, but less frequently.

In Korean texts, a dot is placed above each hangul syllable block or hanja to be emphasized.^{[citation needed]}^{[clarification needed]}

In Armenian the շեշտ (šešt) sign ( ՛ ) is used.

In Internet usage, asterisks are sometimes used for emphasis (as in "That was *really* bad").^{[citation needed]}

Color[edit]

Important words in a text may be colored differently to others. For example, many dictionaries use a different color for headwords, and some religious texts color the words of deities red. In Ethiopic script, red is used analogously to italics in Latin text.^[3]

Post-print emphasis added by a reader is often done with highlighters which add a bright background color to usual black text.

Design[edit]

With both italics and boldface, the emphasis is correctly achieved by temporarily replacing the current typeface.^{[citation needed]} Professional typographic systems, including most modern computers, would therefore not simply tilt letters to the right to achieve italics (that is instead referred to as slanting or oblique), print them twice or darker for boldface, or scale majuscules to the height of middle-chamber minuscules (like x and o) for small-caps, but instead use entirely different typefaces that achieve the effect. The letter ‘w’, for example, looks quite different in italic compared to upright.

As a result, typefaces therefore have to be supplied at least fourfold (with computer systems, usually as four font files): as regular, bold, italic, and bold italic to provide for all combinations. Professional typefaces sometimes offer even more variations for popular fonts, with varying degrees of blackness. Only if such fonts are not available should^{[citation needed]} the effect of italic or boldface be imitated by algorithmically altering the original font.

Recommendations and requirements[edit]

Linguistics professor Larry Trask stated that "It is possible to write an entire word or phrase in capital letters in order to emphasize it", but adds that "On the whole, though, it is preferable to express emphasis, not with capital letters, but with italics."^[4]

In North Korean writing rules, names of leaders 김일성 (Kim Il-sung) and 김정일 (Kim Jong-il) must always be set in bold. This standardization has even been embedded into word processors exclusive to North Korean computers that reserve special characters for the leaders.^[5] On North Korean sites, the names of leaders Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un, must be slightly bigger than the surrounding text.^[6]^[7]

References[edit]

^ Bringhurst: The Elements of Typographic Style, version 3.0, page 32
^ Charette, François (2010). "ArabXeTeX: an ArabTeX-like interface for typesetting languages in Arabic script with XeLaTeX".
^ Hudson, John (2003). "RED, WHITE & BLACK True colors?".
^ Trask, Larry (1997). "Capital Letters". Guide to Punctuation (University of Sussex). Retrieved 28 June 2013.
^ Kim, Hyelim; Trans. Jihye Lee (18 February 2010). "Kim Jong-il Idolized as Supreme Leader in North Korea’s Word Processor". Open Radio for North Korea. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
^ Lee, Dave (10 December 2012). "North Korea: On the net in world's most secretive nation". BBC News. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
^ "Naenara". Naenara. Korean Computer Center in DPR-Korea. Retrieved 28 June 2013. Demonstration of this standard in action.

Look up boldface in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Structural and functional effects of metastases in rat brain determined by multimodal MRI.

Serres S, Martin CJ, Sarmiento Soto M, Bristow C, O'Brien ER, Connell JJ, Khrapitchev AA, Sibson NR.Author information CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom.AbstractMetastasis to the brain results in significant impairment of brain function and poor patient survival. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is under-utilised in monitoring brain metastases and their effects on brain function. Here, we sought to establish a model of focal brain metastasis in the rat that enables serial multimodal structural and functional MRI studies, and to assess the sensitivity of these approaches to metastatic growth. Female Berlin-Druckrey-IX rats were injected intracerebrally with metastatic ENU1564 cells in the ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus, a relay node of the whisker-to-barrel cortex pathway. Animals underwent multimodal structural and vascular MRI, as well as functional MRI of the cortical blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses to whisker pad stimulation. T2 , diffusion, magnetisation transfer and perfusion weighted MRI enabled differentiation between a central area of more advanced metastatic growth and penumbral regions of co-optive perivascular micrometastatic growth, with magnetisation transfer MRI being the most sensitive to micrometastatic growth. Areas of cortical BOLD activation in response to whisker pad stimulation were significantly reduced in the hemisphere containing metastases in the VPM. The reduction in BOLD response correlated with metastatic burden in the thalamus, and was sensitive to the presence of smaller metastases than currently detectable clinically. Our findings suggest that multimodal MRI provides greater sensitivity to tumour heterogeneity and micrometastatic growth than single modality contrast-enhanced MRI. Understanding the relationships between these MRI parameters and the underlying pathology may greatly enhance the utility of MRI in diagnosis, staging and monitoring of brain metastasis.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Feb;134(4):885-96. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28406. Epub 2013 Aug 29.
Metastasis to the brain results in significant impairment of brain function and poor patient survival. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is under-utilised in monitoring brain metastases and their effects on brain function. Here, we sought to establish a model of focal brain metastasis in t
PMID 23913394

Simultaneous quantitative assessment of cerebral physiology using respiratory-calibrated MRI and near-infrared spectroscopy in healthy adults.

Alderliesten T, De Vis JB, Lemmers PM, van Bel F, Benders MJ, Hendrikse J, Petersen ET.Author information Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Room: KE.04.123.1, P.O. Box: 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: t.alderliesten-2@umcutrecht.nl.AbstractBACKGROUND: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and functional MRI (fMRI) are non-invasive techniques used to relate activity in different brain regions to certain tasks. Respiratory calibration of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, and combined fNIRS-fMRI approaches have been used to quantify physiological subcomponents giving rise to the BOLD signal. A comparison of absolute oxygen metabolism parameters between MRI and NIRS, using spatially resolved (SRS) NIRS and respiratory calibrated MRI, could yield additional insight in the physiology underlying activation.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2014 Jan 15;85 Pt 1:255-63. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.015. Epub 2013 Jul 14.
BACKGROUND: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and functional MRI (fMRI) are non-invasive techniques used to relate activity in different brain regions to certain tasks. Respiratory calibration of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, and combined fNIRS-fMRI approaches have been
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Depth-compensated diffuse optical tomography enhanced by general linear model analysis and an anatomical atlas of human head.

Tian F, Liu H.Author information Department of Bioengineering, Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering between UT Arlington and UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.AbstractOne of the main challenges in functional diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is to accurately recover the depth of brain activation, which is even more essential when differentiating true brain signals from task-evoked artifacts in the scalp. Recently, we developed a depth-compensated algorithm (DCA) to minimize the depth localization error in DOT. However, the semi-infinite model that was used in DCA deviated significantly from the realistic human head anatomy. In the present work, we incorporated depth-compensated DOT (DC-DOT) with a standard anatomical atlas of human head. Computer simulations and human measurements of sensorimotor activation were conducted to examine and prove the depth specificity and quantification accuracy of brain atlas-based DC-DOT. In addition, node-wise statistical analysis based on the general linear model (GLM) was also implemented and performed in this study, showing the robustness of DC-DOT that can accurately identify brain activation at the correct depth for functional brain imaging, even when co-existing with superficial artifacts.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2014 Jan 15;85 Pt 1:166-80. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.016. Epub 2013 Jul 14.
One of the main challenges in functional diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is to accurately recover the depth of brain activation, which is even more essential when differentiating true brain signals from task-evoked artifacts in the scalp. Recently, we developed a depth-compensated algorithm (DCA) t
PMID 23859922

Self-regulation of human brain activity using simultaneous real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedback.

Zotev V, Phillips R, Yuan H, Misaki M, Bodurka J.Author information Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.AbstractNeurofeedback is a promising approach for non-invasive modulation of human brain activity with applications for treatment of mental disorders and enhancement of brain performance. Neurofeedback techniques are commonly based on either electroencephalography (EEG) or real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI). Advances in simultaneous EEG-fMRI have made it possible to combine the two approaches. Here we report the first implementation of simultaneous multimodal rtfMRI and EEG neurofeedback (rtfMRI-EEG-nf). It is based on a novel system for real-time integration of simultaneous rtfMRI and EEG data streams. We applied the rtfMRI-EEG-nf to training of emotional self-regulation in healthy subjects performing a positive emotion induction task based on retrieval of happy autobiographical memories. The participants were able to simultaneously regulate their BOLD fMRI activation in the left amygdala and frontal EEG power asymmetry in the high-beta band using the rtfMRI-EEG-nf. Our proof-of-concept results demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneous self-regulation of both hemodynamic (rtfMRI) and electrophysiological (EEG) activities of the human brain. They suggest potential applications of rtfMRI-EEG-nf in the development of novel cognitive neuroscience research paradigms and enhanced cognitive therapeutic approaches for major neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly depression.
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Neurofeedback is a promising approach for non-invasive modulation of human brain activity with applications for treatment of mental disorders and enhancement of brain performance. Neurofeedback techniques are commonly based on either electroencephalography (EEG) or real-time functional magnetic reso
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Japanese Journal

The Best Constant of Discrete Sobolev Inequality on the C60 Fullerene Buckyball

Kametaka Yoshinori,Nagai Atsushi,Yamagishi Hiroyuki,Takemura Kazuo,Watanabe Kohtaro
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 84(7), 2015-06-26
NAID 160000000778