WordNet

of parents and children; related by blood; "biological child"
pertaining to biology or to life and living things (同)biologic
a thin pliable sheet of material
a pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects the organs or cells of animals or plants (同)tissue layer

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(生物の)膜,皮膜

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/09/05 07:01:53」(JST)

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This article is about various membranes in living things. For the membranes surrounding cells, see cell membrane.

Cross section view of the structures that can be formed by phospholipids in aqueous solutions

A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selective barrier, within or around a cell. It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that may constitute close to 50% of membrane content.^[1] The cellular membranes should not be confused with isolating tissues formed by layers of cells, such as mucous and basement membranes.

Function[edit source | edit]

Membranes in cells typically define enclosed spaces or compartments in which cells may maintain a chemical or biochemical environment that differs from the outside. For example, the membrane around peroxisomes shields the rest of the cell from peroxides, and the cell membrane separates a cell from its surrounding medium. Most organelles are defined by such membranes, and are called "membrane-bound" organelles.

Probably the most important feature of a biomembrane is that it is a selectively permeable structure. This means that the size, charge, and other chemical properties of the atoms and molecules attempting to cross it will determine whether they succeed in doing so. Selective permeability is essential for effective separation of a cell or organelle from its surroundings. Biological membranes also have certain mechanical or elastic properties.

Particles that are required for cellular function but are unable to diffuse freely across a membrane enter through a membrane transport protein or are taken in by means of endocytosis.

Diversity of biological membranes[edit source | edit]

Many types of specialized plasma membranes can separate cell from external environment: apical, basolateral, presynaptic and postsynaptic ones, membranes of flagella, cilia, microvillus, filopodia and lamellipodia, the sarcolemma of muscle cells, as well as specialized myelin and dendritic spine membranes of neurons. Plasma membranes can also form different types of "supramembrane" structures such as caveola, postsynaptic density, podosome, invadopodium, desmosome, hemidesmosome, focal adhesion, and cell junctions. These types of membranes differ in lipid and protein composition.

Distinct types of membranes also create intracellular organelles: endosome; smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum; sarcoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosome; mitochondrion (inner and outer membranes); nucleus (inner and outer membranes); peroxisome; vacuole; cytoplasmic granules; cell vesicles (phagosome, autophagosome, clathrin-coated vesicles, COPI-coated and COPII-coated vesicles) and secretory vesicles (including synaptosome, acrosomes, melanosomes, and chromaffin granules).

Different types of biological membranes have diverse lipid and protein compositions. The content of membranes defines their physical and biological properties. Some components of membranes play a key role in medicine, such as the efflux pumps that pump drugs out of a cell.

References[edit source | edit]

^ Mark L. Latash (2007). Neurophysiological basis of movement. Human Kinetics Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7360-6367-8.
^ UpToDate Patient Preview > Fetal membranes: Anatomy and biochemistry Author: Seth Guller, PhD. Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010

von Heijne G, Rees D (August 2008). "Membranes: reading between the lines". Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 18 (4): 403–5. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2008.06.003. PMID 18634876.

External links[edit source | edit]

Membranes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 血液-血液透析膜の相互作用に関与する生化学的機序 biochemical mechanisms involved in blood hemodialysis membrane interactions
2. 赤血球細胞膜の動態および機構 red blood cell membrane dynamics and organization
3. ライソゾーム膜蛋白質2欠損症（糖原病IIb型、ダノン病） lysosome associated membrane protein 2 deficiency glycogen storage disease iib danon disease
4. 補体系の制御因子および受容体 regulators and receptors of the complement system
5. 血液透析膜の生体適合性についての臨床結果 clinical consequences of hemodialysis membrane biocompatibility

English Journal

A simple liposome assay for the screening of zinc ionophore activity of polyphenols.

Clergeaud G1, Dabbagh-Bazarbachi H2, Ortiz M1, Fernández-Larrea JB2, O'Sullivan CK3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 15;197(Pt A):916-23. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.057. Epub 2015 Nov 14.
An efficient liposomal system for screening the zinc ionophore activity of a selected library consisting of the most relevant dietary polyphenols is presented. The zinc ionophore activity was demonstrated by exploring the use of zinc-specific fluorophore FluoZin-3 loaded liposomes as simple membrane
PMID 26617034

A mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent probe for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of biological SO2 derivatives in living cells.

Xu J1, Pan J1, Jiang X1, Qin C2, Zeng L3, Zhang H1, Zhang JF4.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 Mar 15;77:725-32. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.049. Epub 2015 Oct 19.
In this study, we report a ratiometric fluorescent probe (CZBI) for sulfur dioxide (SO2) derivatives based on the conjugate of carbazole and benzo[e]indolium, which displays colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence dual response to HSO3(-). The probe can quantitatively detect HSO3(-) with high spec
PMID 26499868

3D-printed supercapacitor-powered electrochemiluminescent protein immunoarray.

Kadimisetty K1, Mosa IM2, Malla S1, Satterwhite-Warden JE1, Kuhns TM1, Faria RC3, Lee NH4, Rusling JF5.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 Mar 15;77:188-93. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.017. Epub 2015 Sep 11.
Herein we report a low cost, sensitive, supercapacitor-powered electrochemiluminescent (ECL) protein immunoarray fabricated by an inexpensive 3-dimensional (3D) printer. The immunosensor detects three cancer biomarker proteins in serum within 35min. The 3D-printed device employs hand screen printed
PMID 26406460

Japanese Journal

生物学的アプローチによる膜ファウリング抑制技術の開発 (食料･水･環境分野の製品開発への電子制御技術･解析技術の適用)

鈴木伸和,岡田公一
Kubota technical report = クボタ技報 (46), 42-47, 2012-12-00
NAID 40019556861

Membrane Protein Rim21 Plays a Central Role in Sensing Ambient pH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Obara Keisuke,Yamamoto Hayashi,Kihara Akio
Journal of Biological
… In this pathway, three integral membrane proteins Rim21, Dfg16, and Rim9 are considered to be the components of the pH-sensor machinery. … These proteins were found to form a complex and to localize to the plasma membrane in a patchy and mutually-dependent manner. … This finding strongly suggests that Rim21 is the pH-sensor protein and that Dfg16 and Rim9 play auxiliary functions through maintaining the Rim21 level and assisting its plasma membrane localization. …
NAID 120005090608