関: biogenetic、biosyntheses、biosynthesis、biosynthetic、origin of life

WordNet

the production of living organisms from other living organisms (同)biogeny
of or relating to the production of living organisms from other living organisms
production of a chemical compound by a living organism (同)biogenesis
of or relating to biosynthesis
a hypothetical organic phenomenon by which living organisms are created from nonliving matter (同)autogenesis, autogeny, spontaneous_generation

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/20 16:11:08」(JST)

wiki en

Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles. The law of biogenesis, attributed to Louis Pasteur, is the observation that living things come only from other living things, by reproduction (e.g. a spider lays eggs, which develop into spiders). That is, life does not arise from non-living material, which was the position held by spontaneous generation.^[1]^[2] This is summarized in the phrase Omne vivum ex vivo, Latin for "all life [is] from life." A related statement is Omnis cellula e cellula, "all cells [are] from cells;" this observation is one of the central statements of cell theory.

The term biogenesis was coined by Henry Charlton Bastian to mean the generation of a life form from nonliving materials, however, Thomas Henry Huxley chose the term abiogenesis and redefined biogenesis for life arising from preexisting life.^[3] The generation of life from non-living material is called abiogenesis, and has occurred at least once in the history of the Earth,^[4] or in the history of the Universe (see panspermia), when life first arose.^[5]^[6]^[7]

The term biogenesis may also refer to biochemical processes of production in living organisms (see biosynthesis).

Spontaneous generation and its disproof

The Ancient Greeks believed that living things could spontaneously come into being from nonliving matter, and that the goddess Gaia could make life arise spontaneously from stones – a process known as Generatio spontanea. Aristotle disagreed, but he still believed that creatures could arise from dissimilar organisms or from soil. Variations of this concept of spontaneous generation still existed as late as the 17th century, but towards the end of the 17th century, a series of observations and arguments began that eventually discredited such ideas. This advance in scientific understanding was met with much opposition, with personal beliefs and individual prejudices often obscuring the facts.

Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, proved as early as 1668 that higher forms of life did not originate spontaneously, but proponents of abiogenesis claimed that this did not apply to microbes and continued to hold that these could arise spontaneously.^{[citation needed]} Attempts to disprove the spontaneous generation of life from non-life continued in the early 19th century with observations and experiments by Franz Schulze and Theodor Schwann. In 1745, John Needham added chicken broth to a flask and boiled it. He then let it cool and waited. Microbes grew, and he proposed it as an example of spontaneous generation. In 1768, Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham's experiment but removed all the air from the flask. No growth occurred.^[8] In 1854, Heinrich Schröder (1810–1885) and Theodor von Dusch, and in 1859, Schröder alone, repeated the Helmholtz filtration experiment^[9] and showed that living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool.

In 1864, Louis Pasteur finally announced the results of his scientific experiments. In a series of experiments similar to those performed earlier by Needham and Spallanzani, Pasteur demonstrated that life does not arise in areas that have not been contaminated by existing life. Pasteur's empirical results were summarized in the phrase Omne vivum ex vivo, Latin for "all life [is] from life".^[10]^[11]

After obtaining his results, Pasteur stated: "La génération spontanée est une chimère" ("Spontaneous generation is a dream").

References

^ Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory
^ Louis Pasteur: External links
^ Strick, James (April 15, 2001). "Introduction". Evolution & The Spontaneous Generation. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. xi–xxiv. ISBN 978-1-85506-872-8. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
^ Spiegel, David S.; Turner, Edwin L. (January 10, 2012). "Bayesian analysis of the astrobiological implications of life’s early emergence on Earth". PNAS 109 (2): 395–400. arXiv:1107.3835. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109..395S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111694108. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
^ Sharov, Alexei A. (June 12, 2006). "Genome increase as a clock for the origin and evolution of life". Biology Direct 1: 1–17. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-17. PMC 1526419. PMID 16768805.
^ Vieru, Tudor (January 14, 2011). "Life Is 10 Billion Years Old". Softpedia. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
^ Wesson, Paul S. (October 2010). "Panspermia, Past and Present: Astrophysical and Biophysical Conditions for the Dissemination of Life in Space". Space Science Reviews 156 (1-4): 239–252. arXiv:1011.0101. Bibcode:2010SSRv..156..239W. doi:10.1007/s11214-010-9671-x. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ The controversy over spontaneous generation
^ McKendrick, John Gray (1899). Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz. London: Fisher Unwin. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-150-66769-5.
^ The microbial world: a look at things small
^ Biogenesis and Abiogenesis: Critiques and Addresses

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ペルオキシソーム病 peroxisomal disorders
2. 鉄芽球性貧血の病態生理 pathophysiology of the sideroblastic anemias
3. 脊椎関節炎の病因 pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis
4. ライソゾーム膜蛋白質2欠損症（糖原病IIb型、ダノン病） lysosome associated membrane protein 2 deficiency glycogen storage disease iib danon disease
5. 小児における原発性副腎不全の原因および臨床症状 causes and clinical manifestations of primary adrenal insufficiency in children

English Journal

Stressing on the nucleolus in cardiovascular disease.

Hariharan N1, Sussman MA2.Author information 1Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.2Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA. Electronic address: heartman4ever@icloud.com.AbstractThe nucleolus is a multifunctional organelle with multiple roles involving cell proliferation, growth, survival, ribosome biogenesis and stress response signaling. Alteration of nucleolar morphology and architecture signifies an early response to increased cellular stress. This review briefly summarizes nucleolar response to cardiac stress signals and details the role played by nucleolar proteins in cardiovascular pathophysiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Jun;1842(6):798-801. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.016. Epub 2013 Oct 24.
The nucleolus is a multifunctional organelle with multiple roles involving cell proliferation, growth, survival, ribosome biogenesis and stress response signaling. Alteration of nucleolar morphology and architecture signifies an early response to increased cellular stress. This review briefly summar
PMID 24514103

Activation of the tumor suppressor p53 upon impairment of ribosome biogenesis.

Bursac S1, Brdovcak MC1, Donati G2, Volarevic S3.Author information 1Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.2Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Institut d'Investigacio' Biome'dica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.3Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia. Electronic address: sinisa.volarevic@medri.uniri.hr.AbstractErrors in ribosome biogenesis can result in quantitative or qualitative defects in protein synthesis and consequently lead to improper execution of the genetic program and the development of specific diseases. Evidence has accumulated over the last decade suggesting that perturbation of ribosome biogenesis triggers a p53-activating checkpoint signaling pathway, often referred to as the ribosome biogenesis stress checkpoint pathway. Although it was originally suggested that p53 has a prominent role in preventing diseases by monitoring the fidelity of ribosome biogenesis, recent work has demonstrated that p53 activation upon impairment of ribosome biogenesis also mediates pathological manifestations in humans. Perturbations of ribosome biogenesis can trigger a p53-dependent checkpoint signaling pathway independent of DNA damage and the tumor suppressor ARF through inhibitory interactions of specific ribosomal components with the p53 negative regulator, Mdm2. Here we review the recent advances made toward understanding of this newly-recognized checkpoint signaling pathway, its role in health and disease, and discuss possible future directions in this exciting research field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Jun;1842(6):817-830. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.014. Epub 2013 Oct 26.
Errors in ribosome biogenesis can result in quantitative or qualitative defects in protein synthesis and consequently lead to improper execution of the genetic program and the development of specific diseases. Evidence has accumulated over the last decade suggesting that perturbation of ribosome bio
PMID 24514102

Targeting the nucleolus for cancer intervention.

Quin JE1, Devlin JR1, Cameron D2, Hannan KM1, Pearson RB3, Hannan RD4.Author information 1Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.2Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.3Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.4Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: ross.hannan@petermac.org.AbstractThe contribution of the nucleolus to cancer is well established with respect to its traditional role in facilitating ribosome biogenesis and proliferative capacity. More contemporary studies however, infer that nucleoli contribute a much broader role in malignant transformation. Specifically, extra-ribosomal functions of the nucleolus position it as a central integrator of cellular proliferation and stress signaling, and are emerging as important mechanisms for modulating how oncogenes and tumor suppressors operate in normal and malignant cells. The dependence of certain tumor cells to co-opt nucleolar processes to maintain their cancer phenotypes has now clearly been demonstrated by the application of small molecule inhibitors of RNA Polymerase I to block ribosomal DNA transcription and disrupt nucleolar function (Bywater et al., 2012 [1]). These drugs, which selectively kill tumor cells in vivo while sparing normal cells, have now progressed to clinical trials. It is likely that we have only just begun to scratch the surface of the potential of the nucleolus as a new target for cancer therapy, with "suppression of nucleolar stress" representing an emerging "hallmark" of cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Jun;1842(6):802-816. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.009. Epub 2014 Jan 2.
The contribution of the nucleolus to cancer is well established with respect to its traditional role in facilitating ribosome biogenesis and proliferative capacity. More contemporary studies however, infer that nucleoli contribute a much broader role in malignant transformation. Specifically, extra-
PMID 24389329

Japanese Journal

極長鎖脂肪酸の反復検査で診断し得たD-bifunctional protein欠損症の1例

塩田睦記/舟塚真/小田絵里/白戸由理/竹下暁子/石垣景子/齋藤加代子/下澤伸行/大澤真木子
東京女子医科大学雑誌 83(E1), E103-E106, 2013-01-31
D-bifunctional protein欠損症(以下DBP欠損症)は、ペルオキシゾーム病の1型でβ酸化系酵素単独欠損症である。我々は、病初期に非典型的な臨床像を呈し、徐々に特徴的な経過となったDBP欠損症の1例を経験したので報告する。,症例は家族歴のない2歳2か月の女児で新生児期発症の難治性てんかんと重度精神運動発達遅滞、特異顔貌、肝脾腫があった。生後4か月時には筋緊張は亢進し、極長鎖脂肪酸は …
NAID 110009559397

疾患モジュレーターとしての低分子RNA生合成機構 (特集 RNAバイオロジーの最先端)

鈴木洋,宮園浩平
細胞 44(14), 589-592, 2012-12-00
NAID 40019543458

Involvement of glutathione peroxidase 1 in growth and peroxisome formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in oleic acid medium.

Ohdate Takumi,Inoue Yoshiharu
Biochimica et biophysica acta(BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1821(9), 1295-1305, 2012-09-00
… Peroxisome biogenesis was induced when cells were cultured with oleic acid. … Peroxisome biogenesis was impaired in gpx1∆ …
NAID 120004874010

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「生合成」「biogenetic」「biosynthetic」「biosynthesis」「biosyntheses」
拡張検索	「abiogenesis」「peroxisome biogenesis disorder」「symbiogenesis」