聴覚路、聴覚伝導路

WordNet

a qualified accountant who inspects the accounting records and practices of a business or other organization
a student who attends a course but does not take it for credit
of or relating to the process of hearing; "auditory processing"; "an audile person" (同)audile, auditive
a trodden path (同)footpath

PrepTutorEJDIC

《まれ》聞き手,傍聴人 / 会計検査官,監査役 / 《米》(大学で単位を取らない)聴講生
耳の,聴覚の
道,小道(path)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/24 10:41:40」(JST)

wiki en

The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. It includes both the sensory organs (the ears) and the auditory parts of the sensory system.

1 Structure
- 1.1 Outer ear
- 1.2 Middle ear
- 1.3 Inner ear
  - 1.3.1 Organ of Corti
  - 1.3.2 Hair cell
  - 1.3.3 Neurons
2 Neuronal structure
- 2.1 Cochlear nucleus
- 2.2 Trapezoid body
- 2.3 Superior olivary complex
- 2.4 Lateral lemniscus
- 2.5 Inferior colliculi
- 2.6 Medial geniculate nucleus
- 2.7 Primary auditory cortex
3 System overview
4 Clinical significance
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links

Structure

Anatomy of the human ear (The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated in this image.)

Outer ear

The folds of cartilage surrounding the ear canal are called the pinna. Sound waves are reflected and attenuated when they hit the pinna, and these changes provide additional information that will help the brain determine the direction from which the sounds came.

The sound waves enter the auditory canal, a deceptively simple tube. The ear canal amplifies sounds that are between 3 and 12 kHz. At the far end of the ear canal is the tympanic membrane, which marks the beginning of the middle ear.

Middle ear

Auditory ossicles from a deep dissection of the tympanic cavity

Sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. This wave information travels across the air-filled middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). These ossicles act as a lever, converting the lower-pressure eardrum sound vibrations into higher-pressure sound vibrations at another, smaller membrane called the oval window or vestibular window. The manubrium (handle) of the malleus articulates with the tympanic membrane, while the footplate (base) of the stapes articulates with the oval window. Higher pressure is necessary at the oval window than at the typanic membrane because the inner ear beyond the oval window contains liquid rather than air. The stapedius reflex of the middle ear muscles helps protect the inner ear from damage by reducing the transmission of sound energy when the stapedius muscle is activated in response to sound. The middle ear still contains the sound information in wave form; it is converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea.

Inner ear

The inner ear consists of the cochlea and several non-auditory structures. The cochlea has three fluid-filled sections, and supports a fluid wave driven by pressure across the basilar membrane separating two of the sections. Strikingly, one section, called the cochlear duct or scala media, contains endolymph, a fluid similar in composition to the intracellular fluid found inside cells. The organ of Corti is located in this duct on the basilar membrane, and transforms mechanical waves to electric signals in neurons. The other two sections are known as the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli; these are located within the bony labyrinth, which is filled with fluid called perilymph, similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid. The chemical difference between the fluids endolymph and perilymph fluids is important for the function of the inner ear due to electrical potential differences between potassium and calcium ions.

The plan view of the human cochlea (typical of all mammalian and most vertebrates) shows where specific frequencies occur along its length. The frequency is an approximately exponential function of the length of the cochlea within the Organ of Corti. In some species, such as bats and dolphins, the relationship is expanded in specific areas to support their active sonar capability.

Organ of Corti

The organ of Corti located at the scala media

The organ of Corti forms a ribbon of sensory epithelium which runs lengthwise down the cochlea's entire scala media. Its hair cells transform the fluid waves into nerve signals. The journey of countless nerves begins with this first step; from here, further processing leads to a panoply of auditory reactions and sensations.

Hair cell

Hair cells are columnar cells, each with a bundle of 100-200 specialized cilia at the top, for which they are named. There are two types of hair cells. Inner hair cells are the mechanoreceptors for hearing: they transduce the vibration of sound into electrical activity in nerve fibers, which is transmitted to the brain. Outer hair cells are a motor structure. Sound energy causes changes in the shape of these cells, which serves to amplify sound vibrations in a frequency specific manner. Lightly resting atop the longest cilia of the inner hair cells is the tectorial membrane, which moves back and forth with each cycle of sound, tilting the cilia, which is what elicits the hair cells' electrical responses.

Inner hair cells, like the photoreceptor cells of the eye, show a graded response, instead of the spikes typical of other neurons. These graded potentials are not bound by the “all or none” properties of an action potential.

At this point, one may ask how such a wiggle of a hair bundle triggers a difference in membrane potential. The current model is that cilia are attached to one another by “tip links”, structures which link the tips of one cilium to another. Stretching and compressing, the tip links may open an ion channel and produce the receptor potential in the hair cell. Recently it has been shown that Cadherin-23 CDH23 and Protocadherin-15 PCDH15 are the adhesion molecules associated with these tip links.^[1] It is thought that a calcium driven motor causes a shortening of these links to regenerate tensions. This regeneration of tension allows for apprehension of prolonged auditory stimulation.^[2]

Neurons

Afferent neurons innervate cochlear inner hair cells, at synapses where the neurotransmitter glutamate communicates signals from the hair cells to the dendrites of the primary auditory neurons.

There are far fewer inner hair cells in the cochlea than afferent nerve fibers – many auditory nerve fibers innervate each hair cell. The neural dendrites belong to neurons of the auditory nerve, which in turn joins the vestibular nerve to form the vestibulocochlear nerve, or cranial nerve number VIII.^[3] The region of the basilar membrane supplying the inputs to a particular afferent nerve fibre can be considered to be its receptive field.

Efferent projections from the brain to the cochlea also play a role in the perception of sound, although this is not well understood. Efferent synapses occur on outer hair cells and on afferent (towards the brain) dendrites under inner hair cells

Neuronal structure

Cochlear nucleus

The cochlear nucleus is the first site of the neuronal processing of the newly converted “digital” data from the inner ear (see also binaural fusion). In mammals, this region is anatomically and physiologically split into two regions, the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). The VCN is further divided by the nerve root into the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN).^[4]

Trapezoid body

The trapezoid body is a bundle of decussating fibers in the ventral pons that carry information used for binaural computations in the brainstem. Some of these axons come from the cochlear nucleus and cross over to the other side before traveling on to the superior olivary nucleus. This is believed to help with localization of sound.^[5]

Superior olivary complex

The superior olivary complex is located in the pons, and receives projections predominantly from the ventral cochlear nucleus, although the dorsal cochlear nucleus projects there as well, via the ventral acoustic stria. Within the superior olivary complex lies the lateral superior olive (LSO) and the medial superior olive (MSO). The former is important in detecting interaural level differences while the latter is important in distinguishing interaural time difference.^[6]

Lateral lemniscus in red, as it connects the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus and the inferior colliculus, seen from behind

Lateral lemniscus

The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain.

Inferior colliculi

The inferior colliculus (IC) are located just below the visual processing centers known as the superior colliculi. The central nucleus of the IC is a nearly obligatory relay in the ascending auditory system, and most likely acts to integrate information (specifically regarding sound source localization from the superior olivary complex^[7] and dorsal cochlear nucleus) before sending it to the thalamus and cortex.^[8]

Medial geniculate nucleus

The medial geniculate nucleus is part of the thalamic relay system.

Primary auditory cortex

The primary auditory cortex is the first region of cerebral cortex to receive auditory input.

Perception of sound is associated with the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG). The superior temporal gyrus contains several important structures of the brain, including Brodmann areas 41 and 42, marking the location of the primary auditory cortex, the cortical region responsible for the sensation of basic characteristics of sound such as pitch and rhythm. We know from work in nonhuman primates that primary auditory cortex can probably itself be divided further into functionally differentiable subregions.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] ^[13]^[14]^[15] The neurons of the primary auditory cortex can be considered to have receptive fields covering a range of auditory frequencies and have selective responses to harmonic pitches.^[16] Neurons integrating information from the two ears have receptive fields covering a particular region of auditory space.

The primary auditory cortex is surrounded by secondary auditory cortex, and interconnects with it. These secondary areas interconnect with further processing areas in the superior temporal gyrus, in the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus, and in the frontal lobe. In humans, connections of these regions with the middle temporal gyrus are probably important for speech perception. The frontotemporal system underlying auditory perception allows us to distinguish sounds as speech, music, or noise.

System overview

The outer ear funnels sound vibrations to the eardrum, increasing the sound pressure in the middle frequency range. The middle-ear ossicles further amplify the vibration pressure roughly 20 times. The base of the stapes couples vibrations into the cochlea via the oval window, which vibrates the perilymph liquid (present throughout the inner ear) and causes the round window to bulb out as the oval window bulges in. Vestibular and tympanic ducts are filled with perilymph, and the smaller cochlear duct between them is filled with endolymph, a fluid with a very different ion concentrations and voltage.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] Vestibular duct perilymph vibrations bend organ of Corti outer cells (4 lines) causing prestin to be released in cell tips. This causes the cells to be chemically elongated and shrunk (somatic motor), and hair bundles to shift which, in turn, electrically effects the basilar membrane’s movement (hair-bundle motor). These motors (outer cells) amplify the perilymph vibrations that initially incited them over 40-fold. Since both motors are chemically driven they are unaffected by the newly amplified vibrations due to recuperation time.^[21] The outer hair cells (OHC) are minimally innervated by spiral ganglion in slow (unmyelinated) reciprocal communicative bundles (30+ hairs per nerve fiber); this contrasts inner hair cells (IHC) that have only afferent innervation (30+ nerve fibers per one hair) but are heavily connected. There are 4x more OHC than IHC. The basilar membrane is a wall where the majority of the IHC and OHC sit. Basilar membrane width and stiffness corresponds to the frequencies best sensed by the IHC. At the cochlea base the Basilar is at its narrowest and most stiff (high-frequencies), at the cochlea apex it is at its widest and least stiff (low-frequencies). The tectorial membrane supports the remaining IHC and OHC. Tectorial membrane helps facilitate cochlear amplification by stimulating OHC (direct) and IHC (via endolymph vibrations). Tectorial's width and stiffness parallels Basilar's and similarly aids in frequency differentiation.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

The superior olivary complex (SOC), in pons, is the first convergence of the left and right cochlear pulses. SOC has 14 described nuclei; their abbreviation are used here (see Superior olivary complex for their full names). MSO determines the angle the sound came from by measuring time differences in left and right info. LSO normalizes sound levels between the ears; it uses the sound intensities to help determine sound angle. LSO innervates the IHC. VNTB innervate OHC. MNTB inhibit LSO via glycine. LNTB are glycine-immune, used for fast signalling. DPO are high-frequency and tonotopical. DLPO are low-frequency and tonotopical. VLPO have the same function as DPO, but act in a different area. PVO, CPO, RPO, VMPO, ALPO and SPON (inhibited by glycine) are various signalling and inhibiting nuclei.^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]

The trapezoid body is where most of the cochlear nucleus (CN) fibers decussate (cross left to right and vice versa); this cross aids in sound localization.^[35] The CN breaks into ventral (VCN) and dorsal (DCN) regions. The VCN has three nuclei.^{[clarification needed]} Bushy cells transmit timing info, their shape averages timing jitters. Stellate (chopper) cells encode sound spectra (peaks and valleys) by spatial neural firing rates based on auditory input strength (rather than frequency). Octopus cells have close to the best temporal precision while firing, they decode the auditory timing code. The DCN has 2 nuclei. DCN also receives info from VCN. Fusiform cells integrate information to determine spectral cues to locations (for example, whether a sound originated from in front or behind). Cochlear nerve fibers (30,000+) each have a most sensitive frequency and respond over a wide range of levels.^[36]^[37]

Simplified, nerve fibers’ signals are transported by bushy cells to the binaural areas in the olivary complex, while signal peaks and valleys are noted by stellate cells, and signal timing is extracted by octopus cells. The lateral lemniscus has three nuclei: dorsal nuclei respond best to bilateral input and have complexity tuned responses; intermediate nuclei have broad tuning responses; and ventral nuclei have broad and moderately complex tuning curves. Ventral nuclei of lateral lemniscus help the inferior colliculus (IC) decode amplitude modulated sounds by giving both phasic and tonic responses (short and long notes, respectively). IC receives inputs not shown, including visual (pretectal area: moves eyes to sound. superior colliculus: orientation and behavior toward objects, as well as eye movements (saccade)) areas, Pons (superior cerebellar peduncle: thalamus to cerebellum connection/hear sound and learn behavioral response), spinal cord (periaqueductal grey: hear sound and instinctually move), and thalamus. The above are what implicate IC in the ‘startle response’ and ocular reflexes. Beyond multi-sensory integration IC responds to specific amplitude modulation frequencies, allowing for the detection of pitch. IC also determines time differences in binaural hearing.^[38] The medial geniculate nucleus divides into ventral (relay and relay-inhibitory cells: frequency, intensity, and binaural info topographically relayed), dorsal (broad and complex tuned nuclei: connection to somatosensory info), and medial (broad, complex, and narrow tuned nuclei: relay intensity and sound duration). The auditory cortex (AC) brings sound into awareness/perception. AC identifies sounds (sound-name recognition) and also identifies the sound’s origin location. AC is a topographical frequency map with bundles reacting to different harmonies, timing and pitch. Right-hand-side AC is more sensitive to tonality, left-hand-side AC is more sensitive to minute sequential differences in sound.^[39]^[40] Rostromedial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices are involved in activation during tonal space and storing short-term memories, respectively.^[41] The Heschl’s gyrus/transverse temporal gyrus includes Wernicke’s area and functionality, it is heavily involved in emotion-sound, emotion-facial-expression, and sound-memory processes. The entorhinal cortex is the part of the ‘hippocampus system’ that aids and stores visual and auditory memories.^[42]^[43] The supramarginal gyrus (SMG) aids in language comprehension and is responsible for compassionate responses. SMG links sounds to words with the angular gyrus and aids in word choice. SMG integrates tactile, visual, and auditory info.^[44]^[45]

Clinical significance

Auditory brainstem response and ABR audiometry test for newborn hearing
Auditory processing disorder
Noise health effects
Tinnitus
Endaural phenomena
Gammatone filter – a simple linear model of peripheral auditory filtering

References

^ Lelli, A.; Kazmierczak, P.; Kawashima, Y.; Muller, U.; Holt, J. R. (2010). "Development and Regeneration of Sensory Transduction in Auditory Hair Cells Requires Functional Interaction Between Cadherin-23 and Protocadherin-15". Journal of Neuroscience 30 (34): 11259–11269. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1949-10.2010. PMC 2949085. PMID 20739546.
^ Peng, AW.; Salles, FT.; Pan, B.; Ricci, AJ. (2011). "Integrating the biophysical and molecular mechanisms of auditory hair cell mechanotransduction.". Nature Communications 2: 523–. doi:10.1038/ncomms1533. PMC 3418221. PMID 22045002.
^ Meddean – CN VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
^ Middlebrooks, J.C. (2009). "Auditory System: Central Pathways". In Squire. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Academic Press. pp. 745–752, here: p. 745 f.
^ Mendoza, John E. (2011). "Trapezoid Body". In Jeffrey S. Kreutzer, John DeLuca, Bruce Caplan (eds.). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer New York. pp. 2549–2549. ISBN 978-0-387-79947-6. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
^ Moore JK (November 2000). <403::AID-JEMT8>3.0.CO;2-Q "Organization of the human superior olivary complex". Microsc. Res. Tech. 51 (4): 403–12. doi:10.1002/1097-0029(20001115)51:4<403::AID-JEMT8>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 11071722.
^ Oliver DL (November 2000). <355::AID-JEMT5>3.0.CO;2-J "Ascending efferent projections of the superior olivary complex". Microsc. Res. Tech. 51 (4): 355–63. doi:10.1002/1097-0029(20001115)51:4<355::AID-JEMT5>3.0.CO;2-J. PMID 11071719.
^ Demanez JP, Demanez L (2003). "Anatomophysiology of the central auditory nervous system: basic concepts". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 57 (4): 227–36. PMID 14714940.
^ Pandya DN (1995). "Anatomy of the auditory cortex". Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 151 (8-9): 486–94. PMID 8578069.
^ Kaas JH, Hackett TA (1998). "Subdivisions of auditory cortex and levels of processing in primates". Audiol. Neurootol. 3 (2-3): 73–85. doi:10.1159/000013783. PMID 9575378.
^ Kaas JH, Hackett TA, Tramo MJ (April 1999). "Auditory processing in primate cerebral cortex". Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9 (2): 164–70. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)80022-1. PMID 10322185.
^ Kaas JH, Hackett TA (October 2000). "Subdivisions of auditory cortex and processing streams in primates". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (22): 11793–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11793. PMC 34351. PMID 11050211.
^ Hackett TA, Preuss TM, Kaas JH (December 2001). "Architectonic identification of the core region in auditory cortex of macaques, chimpanzees, and humans". J. Comp. Neurol. 441 (3): 197–222. doi:10.1002/cne.1407. PMID 11745645.
^ Scott SK, Johnsrude IS (February 2003). "The neuroanatomical and functional organization of speech perception". Trends Neurosci. 26 (2): 100–7. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(02)00037-1. PMID 12536133.
^ Tian B, Reser D, Durham A, Kustov A, Rauschecker JP (April 2001). "Functional specialization in rhesus monkey auditory cortex". Science 292 (5515): 290–3. doi:10.1126/science.1058911. PMID 11303104.
^ Wang X (2013). "The harmonic organization of auditory cortex". Front Syst Neurosci 7: 114. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00114. PMC 3865599. PMID 24381544.
^ Tillotson, Joanne. McCann, Stephanie. Kaplan’s Medical Flashcards. Apr. 02. 2013.
^ Albertine, Kurt. Barron’s Anatomy Flash Cards
^ "How We Hear." Australian Hearing. 09 Dec. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ "How Does My Hearing Work?" How Does My Hearing Work? 2011. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Zheng, Jing, and Weixing Shen. "Prestin Is the Motor Protein of Cochlear Outer Hair Cells." Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, 11 May 2000. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Zwislocki, Jozef J., and Lisa K. Cefaratti. "Tectorial Membrane II: Stiffness Measurements in Vivo." Tectorial Membrane II: Stiffness Measurements in Vivo. Nov. 1989. Web. 01 Apr. 2016.
^ Richter, Claus-Peter, and Gulam Emadi. "Tectorial Membrane Stiffness Gradients." Science Direct. 15 Sept. 2007. Web. 2 Apr. 2016.
^ Meaud, Julien, and Karl Grosh. "The Effect of Tectorial Membrane and Basilar Membrane Longitudinal Coupling in Cochlear Mechanics." AIP. Acoustical Society of America, 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2016.
^ Gueta, Rachel, and David Barlam. "Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Isolated Tectorial Membrane Using Atomic Force Microscopy." Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Isolated Tectorial Membrane Using Atomic Force Microscopy. 10 Aug. 2006. Web. 02 Apr. 2016.
^ Freemana, Dennis M., and C. Cameron Abnete. "Dynamic Material Properties of the Tectorial Membrane: A Summary." Science Direct. June 2003. Web. 02 Apr. 2016.
^ Legan, P. Kevin, and Victoria A. Lukashkina. "A Targeted Deletion in α-Tectorin Reveals That the Tectorial Membrane Is Required for the Gain and Timing of Cochlear Feedback." Science Direct. Oct. 2000. Web. 2 Apr. 2016.
^ B, Canlon. "The Effect of Acoustic Trauma on the Tectorial Membrane, Stereocilia, and Hearing Sensitivity: Possible Mechanisms Underlying Damage, Recovery, and Protection." Europe PMC. Karolinska Institute, 1988. Web. 02 Apr. 2016.
^ Zwislocki, J. J. "Tectorial Membrane: A Possible Sharpening Effect on the Frequency Analysis in the Cochlea." Taylor & Francis. 1979. Web. 02 Apr. 2016.
^ Teudt, I. U., and C. P. Richter. "Basilar Membrane and Tectorial Membrane Stiffness in the CBA/CaJ Mouse." Springer. 28 May 2014. Web. 02 Apr. 2016.
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^ Oliver, Douglas L. "Ascending Efferent Projections of the Superior Olivary Complex." Wiley Online Library. 15 Nov. 2000. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Moore, Jean K. "Organization of the Human Superior Olivary Complex." Wiley Online Library. 15 Nov. 2000. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Yang, Lichaun, Pablo Monsivais, and Edwin W. Rubel. "The Superior Olivary Nucleus and Its Influence on Nucleus Laminaris: A Source of Inhibitory Feedback for Coincidence Detection in the Avian Auditory Brainstem." JNeurosci. 15 Mar. 1999. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Paolini, Antonio G., and John V. FitzGerald. "Temporal Processing from the Auditory Nerve to the Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body in the Rat." Science Direct. Sept. 2001. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Bajo, Victoria M., and Miguel A. Merchan. "Topographic Organization of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus in the Cat." Wiley Online Library. 10 May 1999. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Young, Eric D., and Kevin A. Davis. "Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus." Springer Link. 2002. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Oliver, Douglas M. "Neuronal Organization in the Inferior Colliculus." Springer. 2005. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Janata, Petr, and Jeffry L. Birk. "The Cortical Topography of Tonal Structures Underlying Western Music." Science. 13 Dec. 2002. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
^ Morosan, P., and J. Rademacher. "Human Primary Auditory Cortex: Cytoarchitectonic Subdivisions and Mapping into a Spatial Reference System."Science Direct. Apr. 2001. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
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^ Badre, David, and Anthony D. Wagner. "Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and the Cognitive Control of Memory." Science Direct. 2007. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.
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^ Stoeckel, Cornelia, and Patricia M. Gough. "Supramarginal Gyrus Involvement in Visual Word Recognition." Science Direct. Oct. 2009. Web. 27 Mar. 2016.

External links

Promenade 'round the cochlea
Auditory system – Washington University Neuroscience Tutorial
Lincoln Gray. "Chapter 13: Auditory System: Pathways and Reflexes". Neuroscience Online, the Open-Access Neuroscience Electronic Textbook. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth). Retrieved 27 April 2014.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における聴覚障害：評価 hearing impairment in children evaluation
2. 耳鳴の治療 treatment of tinnitus
3. 小児における発話および言語障害の病因 etiology of speech and language disorders in children
4. 小児における聴覚障害：病因 hearing impairment in children etiology
5. 新生児における難聴スクリーニング screening the newborn for hearing loss

English Journal

Cochlear ablation effects on amino acid levels in the chinchilla cochlear nucleus.

Godfrey DA1, Chen K2, Godfrey MA2, Lee AC2, Crass SP2, Shipp D2, Simo H2, Robinson KT2.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2015 Jun 25;297:137-59. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.055. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
Inner ear damage can lead to hearing disorders, including tinnitus, hyperacusis, and hearing loss. We measured the effects of severe inner ear damage, produced by cochlear ablation, on the levels and distributions of amino acids in the first brain center of the auditory system, the cochlear nucleus.
PMID 25839146

Altered glutamate protein co-expression network topology linked to spine loss in the auditory cortex of schizophrenia.

MacDonald ML1, Ding Y2, Newman J1, Hemby S3, Penzes P4, Lewis DA1, Yates NA5, Sweet RA6.
Biological psychiatry.Biol Psychiatry.2015 Jun 1;77(11):959-68. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.006. Epub 2014 Nov 26.
BACKGROUND: Impaired glutamatergic signaling is believed to underlie auditory cortex pyramidal neuron dendritic spine loss and auditory symptoms in schizophrenia. Many schizophrenia risk loci converge on the synaptic glutamate signaling network. We therefore hypothesized that alterations in glutamat
PMID 25433904

The DCDC2 Intron 2 Deletion Impairs Illusory Motion Perception Unveiling the Selective Role of Magnocellular-Dorsal Stream in Reading (Dis)ability.

Gori S1, Mascheretti S2, Giora E3, Ronconi L1, Ruffino M2, Quadrelli E4, Facoetti A1, Marino C5.
Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991).Cereb Cortex.2015 Jun;25(6):1685-95. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu234. Epub 2014 Sep 30.
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental reading disorder that could arise from auditory, visual, and cross-modal integration deficits. A deletion in intron 2 of the DCDC2 gene (hereafter DCDC2d) increases the risk for DD and related phenotypes. In this study, first we report th
PMID 25270309

Japanese Journal

聴覚反応のレベル依存特性に基づく不快レベルの客観推定に関する検討 (MEとバイオサイバネティックス)

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 115(229), 11-15, 2015-09-24
NAID 40020617281

Analysis of propagation characteristics of flexural wave in honeycomb sandwich panel and design of loudspeaker for radiating inclined sound

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(7S1), 07HB08, 2015-06-29
NAID 150000110884

Cells transplanted onto the surface of the glial scar reveal hidden potential for functional neural regeneration

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(26), E3431-E3440, 2015-06-15
NAID 120005615649

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「聴覚路」「聴覚伝導路」
関連記事	「pathway」「auditory」

「聴覚路」

Cochlea
	Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea. The cochlear duct, or scala media, is labeled as ductus cochlearis at right.
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: auditory pathway
関: 聴覚伝導路

「聴覚伝導路」

　　[★]

英: auditory pathway
関: コルチ器

「pathway」

　　[★]

経路、パスウェイ

関: route

「auditory」

　　[★]

adj.

聴覚性の

関: acoustic

[Lelli_Kazmierczak_2010-1] Lelli, A.; Kazmierczak, P.; Kawashima, Y.; Muller, U.; Holt, J. R. (2010). "Development and Regeneration of Sensory Transduction in Auditory Hair Cells Requires Functional Interaction Between Cadherin-23 and Protocadherin-15". Journal of Neuroscience 30 (34): 11259–11269. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1949-10.2010. PMC 2949085. PMID 20739546.

[Peng_2011-2] Peng, AW.; Salles, FT.; Pan, B.; Ricci, AJ. (2011). "Integrating the biophysical and molecular mechanisms of auditory hair cell mechanotransduction.". Nature Communications 2: 523–. doi:10.1038/ncomms1533. PMC 3418221. PMID 22045002.

[3] Meddean – CN VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve

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Cochlea
Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea. The cochlear duct, or scala media, is labeled as ductus cochlearis at right.
*Anatomical terminology* [edit on Wikidata]

匿名

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案内

auditory pathway