関: ATM

WordNet

undergo mutation; "cells mutate"
inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements; unsteady movements and staggering gait (同)ataxy, dyssynergia, motor_ataxia

PrepTutorEJDIC

変化する / 変種を生じる / 〈言語が〉雑音変異する / …‘を'変化させる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/08 16:14:12」(JST)

wiki en

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks. It phosphorylates several key proteins that initiate activation of the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis. Several of these targets, including p53, CHK2, BRCA1, NBS1 and H2AX are tumor suppressors.

The protein is named for the disorder ataxia telangiectasia caused by mutations of ATM.^[1]

Introduction

Throughout the cell cycle the DNA is monitored for damage. Damages result from errors during replication, by-products of metabolism, general toxic drugs or ionizing radiation. The cell cycle has different DNA damage checkpoints, which inhibit the next or maintain the current cell cycle step. There are two main checkpoints, the G1/S and the G2/M, during the cell cycle, which preserve correct progression. ATM plays a role in cell cycle delay after DNA damage, especially after double-strand breaks (DSBs).^[2] ATM together with NBS1 act as primary DSB sensor proteins. Different mediators, such as Mre11 and MDC1, acquire post-translational modifications which are generated by the sensor proteins. These modified mediator proteins then amplify the DNA damage signal, and transduce the signals to downstream effectors such as CHK2 and p53.

Structure

The ATM gene codes for a 350 kDa protein consisting of 3056 amino acids.^[3] ATM belongs to the superfamily of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs). The PIKK superfamily comprises six Ser/Thr-protein kinases that show a sequence similarity to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). This protein kinase family includes amongst others ATR (ATM- and RAD3-related), DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). Characteristic for ATM are five domains. These are from N-Terminus to C-Terminus the HEAT repeat domain, the FRAP-ATM-TRRAP (FAT) domain, the kinase domain (KD), the PIKK-regulatory domain (PRD) and the FAT-C-terminal (FATC) domain. The HEAT repeats directly bind to the C-terminus of NBS1. The FAT domain interacts with ATM's kinase domain to stabilize the C-terminus region of ATM itself. The KD domain resumes kinase activity, while the PRD and the FATC domain regulate it. Although no structure for ATM has been solved, the overall shape of ATM is very similar to DNA-PKcs and is composed of a head and a long arm that is thought to wrap around double-stranded DNA after a conformational change. The entire N-terminal domain together with the FAT domain are predicted to adopt an α-helical structure, which was found by sequence analysis. This α-helical structure is believed to form a tertiary structure, which has a curved, tubular shape present for example in the Huntingtin protein, which also contains HEAT repeats. FATC is the C-terminal domain with a length of about 30 amino acids. It is highly conserved and consists of an α-helix followed by a sharp turn, which is stabilized by a disulfide bond.^[4]

Schematic illustration of the four known conserved domains in four members of the PIKKs family.^[4]

Function

A complex of the three proteins MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1 (XRS2 in yeast), called the MRN complex in humans, recruits ATM to double strand breaks (DSBs) and holds the two ends together. ATM directly interacts with the NBS1 subunit and phosphorylates the histone variant H2AX on Ser139.^[5] This phosphorylation generates binding sites for adaptor proteins with a BRCT domain. These adaptor proteins then recruit different factors including the effector protein kinase CHK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. The ATM-mediated DNA damage response consists of a rapid and a delayed response. The effector kinase CHK2 is phosphorylated and thereby activated by ATM. Activated CHK2 phosphorylates phosphatase CDC25A, which is degraded thereupon and can no longer dephosphorylate CDK2-Cyclin, resulting in cell-cycle arrest. If the DSB can not be repaired during this rapid response, ATM additionally phosphorylates MDM2 and p53 at Ser15.^[6] p53 is also phosphorylated by the effector kinase CHK2. These phosphorylation events lead to stabilization and activation of p53 and subsequent transcription of numerous p53 target genes including CDK inhibitor p21 which lead to long-term cell-cycle arrest or even apoptosis.^[7]

ATM-mediated two-step response to DNA double strand breaks. In the rapid response activated ATM phosphorylates effector kinase CHK2 which phophphorylates CDC25A, targeting it for ubiquitination and degradation. Therefore, phosphorylated CDK2-Cyclin accumulates and progression through the cell cycle is blocked. In the delayed response ATM phosphorylates the inhibitor of p53, MDM2, and p53, which is also phosphorylated by Chk2. The resulting activation and stabilization of p53 leads to an increased expression of Cdk inhibitor p21, which further helps to keep Cdk activity low and to maintain long-term cell cycle arrest.^[7]

The protein kinase ATM may also be involved in mitochondrial homeostasis, as a regulator of mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) whereby old, dysfunctional mitochondria are removed.^[8]

Regulation

A functional MRN complex is required for ATM activation after double strand breaks (DSBs). The complex functions upstream of ATM in mammalian cells and induces conformational changes that facilitate an increase in the affinity of ATM towards its substrates, such as CHK2 and p53.^[2] Inactive ATM is present in the cells without DSBs as dimers or multimers. Upon DNA damage, ATM autophosphorylates on residue Ser1981. This phosphorylation provokes dissociation of ATM dimers, which is followed by the release of active ATM monomers.^[9] Further autophosphorylation (of residues Ser367 and Ser1893) is required for normal activity of the ATM kinase. Activation of ATM by the MRN complex is preceded by at least two steps, i.e. recruitment of ATM to DSB ends by the mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 (MDC1) which binds to MRE11, and the subsequent stimulation of kinase activity with the NBS1 C-terminus. The three domains FAT, PRD and FATC are all involved in regulating the activity of the KD kinase domain. The FAT domain interacts with ATM's KD domain to stabilize the C-terminus region of ATM itself. The FATC domain is critical for kinase activity and highly sensitive to mutagenesis. It mediates protein-protein interaction for example with the histone acetyltransferase TIP60 (HIV-1 Tat interacting protein 60 kDa), which acetylates ATM on residue Lys3016. The acetylation occurs in the C-terminal half of the PRD domain and is required for ATM kinase activation and for its conversion into monomers. While deletion of the entire PRD domain abolishes the kinase activity of ATM, specific small deletions show no effect.^[4]

Role in cancer

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare human disease characterized by cerebellar degeneration, extreme cellular sensitivity to radiation and a predisposition to cancer. All AT patients contain mutations in the ATM gene (ATM). Most other AT-like disorders are defective in genes encoding the MRN protein complex. One feature of the ATM protein is its rapid increase in kinase activity immediately following double-strand break formation.^[10]^[11] The phenotypic manifestation of AT is due to the broad range of substrates for the ATM kinase, involving DNA repair, apoptosis, G₁/S, intra-S checkpoint and G₂/M checkpoints, gene regulation, translation initiation, and telomere maintenance.^[12] Therefore, a defect in ATM has severe consequences in repairing certain types of damage to DNA, and cancer may result from improper repair. AT patients have an increased risk for breast cancer that has been ascribed to ATM's interaction and phosphorylation of BRCA1 and its associated proteins following DNA damage.^[13] Certain kinds of leukemias and lymphomas, including Mantle cell lymphoma, T-ALL, atypical B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and T-PLL are also associated with ATM defects.^[14]

ATM mutation frequencies in sporadic cancers

Mutations in the ATM gene are found at relatively low frequencies in sporadic cancers. According to COSMIC, the Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer, the frequencies with which heterozygous mutations in ATM are found in common cancers include 0.7% in 713 ovarian cancers, 0.9% in central nervous system cancers, 1.9% in 1,120 breast cancers, 2.1% in 847 kidney cancers, 4.6% in colon cancers, 7.2% among 1,040 lung cancers and 11.1% in 1790 hematopoetic and lymphoid tissue cancers.^[15]

Frequent epigenetic deficiencies of ATM in cancers

ATM is one of the DNA repair genes frequently hypermethylated in its promoter region in various cancers (see table of such genes in Cancer epigenetics). The promoter methylation of ATM causes reduced protein or mRNA expression of ATM.

More than 73% of brain tumors were found to be methylated in the ATM gene promoter and there was strong inverse correlation between ATM promoter methylation and its protein expression (p < 0.001).^[16]

The ATM gene promoter was observed to be hypermethylated in 53% of small (impalpable) breast cancers^[17] and was hypermethylated in 78% of stage II or greater breast cancers with a highly significant correlation (P = 0.0006) between reduced ATM mRNA abundance and aberrant methylation of the ATM gene promoter.^[18]

In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the ATM promoter methylation status of paired tumors and surrounding histologically uninvolved lung tissue was found to be 69% and 59%, respectively. However, in more advanced NSCLC the frequency of ATM promoter methylation was lower at 22%.^[19] The finding of ATM promoter methylation in surrounding histologically uninvolved lung tissue suggests that ATM deficiency may be present early in a field defect leading to progression to NSCLC.

In squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, 42% of tumors displayed ATM promoter methylation.^[20]

DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer,^[21]^[22] and deficiencies in DNA repair likely underlie many forms of cancer.^[23] If DNA repair is deficient, DNA damage tends to accumulate. Such excess DNA damage may increase mutational errors during DNA replication due to error-prone translesion synthesis. Excess DNA damage may also increase epigenetic alterations due to errors during DNA repair.^[24]^[25] Such mutations and epigenetic alterations may give rise to cancer. The frequent epigenetic deficiency of ATM in a number of cancers likely contributed to the progression of those cancers.

Meiosis

ATM functions during meiotic prophase.^[26] The wild-type ATM gene is expressed at a 4-fold increased level in human testes compared to somatic cells (such as skin fibroblasts).^[27] In both mice and humans, ATM deficiency results in female and male infertility. Deficient ATM expression causes severe meiotic disruption during prophase I.^[28] In addition, impaired ATM-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair has been identified as a likely cause of aging of mouse and human oocytes.^[29] Expression of the ATM gene, as well as other key DSB repair genes, declines with age in mouse and human oocytes and this decline is paralleled by an increase of DSBs in primordial follicles.^[29] These findings indicate that ATM-mediated homologous recombinational repair is a crucial function of meiosis.

Interactions

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated has been shown to interact with:

Abl gene,^[30]^[31]^[32]
BRCA1,^[13]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]
Bloom syndrome protein,^[34]^[39]
DNA-PKcs,^[33]^[40]
FANCD2,^[41]^[42]
MRE11A,^[33]^[34]
Nibrin,^[33]^[34]
P53,^[33]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]
RAD17,^[33]^[47]
RAD51,^[30]
RBBP8,^[33]^[48]
RHEB,^[49]
RRM2B,^[50]
SMC1A^[51]
TERF1,^[31] and
TP53BP1.^[52]^[53]

References

^ "Entrez Gene: ATM ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes complementation groups A, C and D)".
^ ^a ^b Lee JH, Paull TT (December 2007). "Activation and regulation of ATM kinase activity in response to DNA double-strand breaks". Oncogene 26 (56): 7741–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210872. PMID 18066086.
^ "Serine-protein kinase ATM - Homo sapiens (Human)".
^ ^a ^b ^c Lempiäinen H, Halazonetis TD (October 2009). "Emerging common themes in regulation of PIKKs and PI3Ks". EMBO J. 28 (20): 3067–73. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.281. PMC 2752028. PMID 19779456.
^ Huang X, Halicka HD, Darzynkiewicz Z (November 2004). "Detection of histone H2AX phosphorylation on Ser-139 as an indicator of DNA damage (DNA double-strand breaks)". Curr Protoc Cytom. Chapter 7: Unit 7.27. doi:10.1002/0471142956.cy0727s30. ISBN 0-471-14295-6. PMID 18770804.
^ Canman CE, Lim DS, Cimprich KA, Taya Y, Tamai K, Sakaguchi K, Appella E, Kastan MB, Siliciano JD (September 1998). "Activation of the ATM kinase by ionizing radiation and phosphorylation of p53". Science 281 (5383): 1677–9. doi:10.1126/science.281.5383.1677. PMID 9733515.
^ ^a ^b Morgan, David O. (2007). The cell cycle: Principles of Control. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920610-4.
^ Valentin-Vega YA, Maclean KH, Tait-Mulder J, Milasta S, Steeves M, Dorsey FC, Cleveland JL, Green DR, Kastan MB (2012). "Mitochondrial dysfunction in ataxia-telangiectasia". Blood 119 (6): 1490–500. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-373639. PMC 3286212. PMID 22144182.
^ Bakkenist CJ, Kastan MB (January 2003). "DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation". Nature 421 (6922): 499–506. doi:10.1038/nature01368. PMID 12556884.
^ Canman CE, Lim DS (December 1998). "The role of ATM in DNA damage responses and cancer". Oncogene 17 (25): 3301–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202577. PMID 9916992.
^ Banin S, Moyal L, Shieh S, Taya Y, Anderson CW, Chessa L, Smorodinsky NI, Prives C, Reiss Y, Shiloh Y, Ziv Y (September 1998). "Enhanced phosphorylation of p53 by ATM in response to DNA damage". Science 281 (5383): 1674–7. doi:10.1126/science.281.5383.1674. PMID 9733514.
^ Kurz EU, Lees-Miller SP (2004). "DNA damage-induced activation of ATM and ATM-dependent signaling pathways". DNA Repair (Amst.) 3 (8–9): 889–900. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.03.029. PMID 15279774.
^ ^a ^b Chen J (September 2000). "Ataxia telangiectasia-related protein is involved in the phosphorylation of BRCA1 following deoxyribonucleic acid damage". Cancer Res. 60 (18): 5037–9. PMID 11016625.
^ Friedenson B (2007). "The BRCA1/2 pathway prevents hematologic cancers in addition to breast and ovarian cancers". BMC Cancer 7: 152. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-7-152. PMC 1959234. PMID 17683622. Lay summary – Scientific Video Site.
^ Cremona CA, Behrens A (2014). "ATM signalling and cancer". Oncogene 33 (26): 3351–60. doi:10.1038/onc.2013.275. PMID 23851492.
^ Mehdipour P, Karami F, Javan F, Mehrazin M (2015). "Linking ATM Promoter Methylation to Cell Cycle Protein Expression in Brain Tumor Patients: Cellular Molecular Triangle Correlation in ATM Territory". Mol. Neurobiol. 52 (1): 293–302. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-8864-9. PMID 25159481.
^ Delmonico L, Moreira Ados S, Franco MF, Esteves EB, Scherrer L, Gallo CV, do Nascimento CM, Ornellas MH, de Azevedo CM, Alves G (2015). "CDKN2A (p14(ARF)/p16(INK4a)) and ATM promoter methylation in patients with impalpable breast lesions". Hum. Pathol. 46 (10): 1540–7. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2015.06.016. PMID 26255234.
^ Vo QN, Kim WJ, Cvitanovic L, Boudreau DA, Ginzinger DG, Brown KD (2004). "The ATM gene is a target for epigenetic silencing in locally advanced breast cancer". Oncogene 23 (58): 9432–7. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208092. PMID 15516988.
^ Safar AM, Spencer H, Su X, Coffey M, Cooney CA, Ratnasinghe LD, Hutchins LF, Fan CY (2005). "Methylation profiling of archived non-small cell lung cancer: a promising prognostic system". Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (12): 4400–5. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2378. PMID 15958624.
^ Bolt J, Vo QN, Kim WJ, McWhorter AJ, Thomson J, Hagensee ME, Friedlander P, Brown KD, Gilbert J (2005). "The ATM/p53 pathway is commonly targeted for inactivation in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) by multiple molecular mechanisms". Oral Oncol. 41 (10): 1013–20. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.06.003. PMID 16139561.
^ Kastan MB (2008). "DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture". Mol. Cancer Res. 6 (4): 517–24. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020. PMID 18403632.
^ Bernstein C, Prasad AR, Nfonsam V, Bernstein H. (2013). DNA Damage, DNA Repair and Cancer, New Research Directions in DNA Repair, Prof. Clark Chen (Ed.), ISBN 978-953-51-1114-6, InTech, http://www.intechopen.com/books/new-research-directions-in-dna-repair/dna-damage-dna-repair-and-cancer
^ Harper JW, Elledge SJ (2007). "The DNA damage response: ten years after". Mol. Cell 28 (5): 739–45. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.015. PMID 18082599.
^ O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (2008). "Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". PLoS Genetics 4 (8): e1000155. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155. PMC 2491723. PMID 18704159.
^ Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, Messina S, Iuliano R, Fusco A, Santillo MR, Muller MT, Chiariotti L, Gottesman ME, Avvedimento EV (Jul 2007). "DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation". PLoS Genetics 3 (7): e110. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110. PMC 1913100. PMID 17616978.
^ Hamer G, Kal HB, Westphal CH, Ashley T, de Rooij DG (2004). "Ataxia telangiectasia mutated expression and activation in the testis". Biol. Reprod. 70 (4): 1206–12. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.103.024950. PMID 14681204.
^ Galetzka D, Weis E, Kohlschmidt N, Bitz O, Stein R, Haaf T (2007). "Expression of somatic DNA repair genes in human testes". J. Cell. Biochem. 100 (5): 1232–9. doi:10.1002/jcb.21113. PMID 17177185.
^ Barlow C, Liyanage M, Moens PB, Tarsounas M, Nagashima K, Brown K, Rottinghaus S, Jackson SP, Tagle D, Ried T, Wynshaw-Boris A (1998). "Atm deficiency results in severe meiotic disruption as early as leptonema of prophase I". Development 125 (20): 4007–17. PMID 9735362.
^ ^a ^b Titus S, Li F, Stobezki R, Akula K, Unsal E, Jeong K, Dickler M, Robson M, Moy F, Goswami S, Oktay K (2013). "Impairment of BRCA1-related DNA double-strand break repair leads to ovarian aging in mice and humans". Sci Transl Med 5 (172): 172ra21. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004925. PMID 23408054.
^ ^a ^b Chen G, Yuan SS, Liu W, Xu Y, Trujillo K, Song B, Cong F, Goff SP, Wu Y, Arlinghaus R, Baltimore D, Gasser PJ, Park MS, Sung P, Lee EY (April 1999). "Radiation-induced assembly of Rad51 and Rad52 recombination complex requires ATM and c-Abl". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (18): 12748–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.18.12748. PMID 10212258.
^ ^a ^b Kishi S, Zhou XZ, Ziv Y, Khoo C, Hill DE, Shiloh Y, Lu KP (August 2001). "Telomeric protein Pin2/TRF1 as an important ATM target in response to double strand DNA breaks". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (31): 29282–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011534200. PMID 11375976.
^ Shafman T, Khanna KK, Kedar P, Spring K, Kozlov S, Yen T, Hobson K, Gatei M, Zhang N, Watters D, Egerton M, Shiloh Y, Kharbanda S, Kufe D, Lavin MF (May 1997). "Interaction between ATM protein and c-Abl in response to DNA damage". Nature 387 (6632): 520–3. doi:10.1038/387520a0. PMID 9168117.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kim ST, Lim DS, Canman CE, Kastan MB (Dec 1999). "Substrate specificities and identification of putative substrates of ATM kinase family members". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (53): 37538–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37538. PMID 10608806.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wang Y, Cortez D, Yazdi P, Neff N, Elledge SJ, Qin J (April 2000). "BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures". Genes Dev. 14 (8): 927–39. doi:10.1101/gad.14.8.927. PMC 316544. PMID 10783165.
^ Gatei M, Scott SP, Filippovitch I, Soronika N, Lavin MF, Weber B, Khanna KK (June 2000). "Role for ATM in DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of BRCA1". Cancer Res. 60 (12): 3299–304. PMID 10866324.
^ Cortez D, Wang Y, Qin J, Elledge SJ (November 1999). "Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks". Science 286 (5442): 1162–6. doi:10.1126/science.286.5442.1162. PMID 10550055.
^ Tibbetts RS, Cortez D, Brumbaugh KM, Scully R, Livingston D, Elledge SJ, Abraham RT (Dec 2000). "Functional interactions between BRCA1 and the checkpoint kinase ATR during genotoxic stress". Genes Dev. 14 (23): 2989–3002. doi:10.1101/gad.851000. PMC 317107. PMID 11114888.
^ Gatei M, Zhou BB, Hobson K, Scott S, Young D, Khanna KK (May 2001). "Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and ATM and Rad3 related kinase mediate phosphorylation of Brca1 at distinct and overlapping sites. In vivo assessment using phospho-specific antibodies". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (20): 17276–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011681200. PMID 11278964.
^ Beamish H, Kedar P, Kaneko H, Chen P, Fukao T, Peng C, Beresten S, Gueven N, Purdie D, Lees-Miller S, Ellis N, Kondo N, Lavin MF (August 2002). "Functional link between BLM defective in Bloom's syndrome and the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein, ATM". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (34): 30515–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203801200. PMID 12034743.
^ Suzuki K, Kodama S, Watanabe M (September 1999). "Recruitment of ATM protein to double strand DNA irradiated with ionizing radiation". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (36): 25571–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.36.25571. PMID 10464290.
^ Taniguchi T, Garcia-Higuera I, Xu B, Andreassen PR, Gregory RC, Kim ST, Lane WS, Kastan MB, D'Andrea AD (May 2002). "Convergence of the fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia signaling pathways". Cell 109 (4): 459–72. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00747-x. PMID 12086603.
^ Reuter TY, Medhurst AL, Waisfisz Q, Zhi Y, Herterich S, Hoehn H, Gross HJ, Joenje H, Hoatlin ME, Mathew CG, Huber PA (October 2003). "Yeast two-hybrid screens imply involvement of Fanconi anemia proteins in transcription regulation, cell signaling, oxidative metabolism, and cellular transport". Exp. Cell Res. 289 (2): 211–21. doi:10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00261-1. PMID 14499622.
^ Kang J, Ferguson D, Song H, Bassing C, Eckersdorff M, Alt FW, Xu Y (January 2005). "Functional interaction of H2AX, NBS1, and p53 in ATM-dependent DNA damage responses and tumor suppression". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2): 661–70. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.2.661-670.2005. PMC 543410. PMID 15632067.
^ Fabbro M, Savage K, Hobson K, Deans AJ, Powell SN, McArthur GA, Khanna KK (July 2004). "BRCA1-BARD1 complexes are required for p53Ser-15 phosphorylation and a G1/S arrest following ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (30): 31251–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M405372200. PMID 15159397.
^ Khanna KK, Keating KE, Kozlov S, Scott S, Gatei M, Hobson K, Taya Y, Gabrielli B, Chan D, Lees-Miller SP, Lavin MF (Dec 1998). "ATM associates with and phosphorylates p53: mapping the region of interaction". Nat. Genet. 20 (4): 398–400. doi:10.1038/3882. PMID 9843217.
^ Westphal CH, Schmaltz C, Rowan S, Elson A, Fisher DE, Leder P (May 1997). "Genetic interactions between atm and p53 influence cellular proliferation and irradiation-induced cell cycle checkpoints". Cancer Res. 57 (9): 1664–7. PMID 9135004.
^ Bao S, Tibbetts RS, Brumbaugh KM, Fang Y, Richardson DA, Ali A, Chen SM, Abraham RT, Wang XF (June 2001). "ATR/ATM-mediated phosphorylation of human Rad17 is required for genotoxic stress responses". Nature 411 (6840): 969–74. doi:10.1038/35082110. PMID 11418864.
^ Li S, Ting NS, Zheng L, Chen PL, Ziv Y, Shiloh Y, Lee EY, Lee WH (July 2000). "Functional link of BRCA1 and ataxia telangiectasia gene product in DNA damage response". Nature 406 (6792): 210–5. doi:10.1038/35018134. PMID 10910365.
^ Long X, Lin Y, Ortiz-Vega S, Yonezawa K, Avruch J (April 2005). "Rheb binds and regulates the mTOR kinase". Curr. Biol. 15 (8): 702–13. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.053. PMID 15854902.
^ Chang L, Zhou B, Hu S, Guo R, Liu X, Jones SN, Yen Y (November 2008). "ATM-mediated serine 72 phosphorylation stabilizes ribonucleotide reductase small subunit p53R2 protein against MDM2 to DNA damage". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (47): 18519–24. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803313105. PMC 2587585. PMID 19015526.
^ Kim ST, Xu B, Kastan MB (March 2002). "Involvement of the cohesin protein, Smc1, in Atm-dependent and independent responses to DNA damage". Genes Dev. 16 (5): 560–70. doi:10.1101/gad.970602. PMC 155347. PMID 11877376.
^ Fernandez-Capetillo O, Chen HT, Celeste A, Ward I, Romanienko PJ, Morales JC, Naka K, Xia Z, Camerini-Otero RD, Motoyama N, Carpenter PB, Bonner WM, Chen J, Nussenzweig A (Dec 2002). "DNA damage-induced G2-M checkpoint activation by histone H2AX and 53BP1". Nat. Cell Biol. 4 (12): 993–7. doi:10.1038/ncb884. PMID 12447390.
^ Ward IM, Minn K, Jorda KG, Chen J (May 2003). "Accumulation of checkpoint protein 53BP1 at DNA breaks involves its binding to phosphorylated histone H2AX". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (22): 19579–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.C300117200. PMID 12697768.

External links

http://www.hprd.org/protein/06347
Drosophila telomere fusion - The Interactive Fly
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Ataxia telangiectasia
OMIM entries on Ataxia telangiectasia

Molecular and Cellular Biology portal

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 毛細血管拡張性運動失調症 ataxia telangiectasia
2. 原発性免疫不全症における悪性腫瘍 malignancy in primary immunodeficiency
3. マントル細胞リンパ腫の病理学 pathobiology of mantle cell lymphoma
4. 原発性免疫不全症に対する遺伝子治療 gene therapy for primary immunodeficiency
5. T細胞前リンパ球性白血病の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of t cell prolymphocytic leukemia

English Journal

Low-dose irradiation promotes proliferation of the human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells through accumulation of mutant P53.

Li SJ1, Liang XY2, Li HJ3, Li W2, Zhou L2, Chen HQ4, Ye SG4, Yu DH2, Cui JW2.
International journal of oncology.Int J Oncol.2017 Jan;50(1):290-296. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3795. Epub 2016 Dec 6.
Low-dose irradiation (LDIR) has been proven to have differential biological effects on normal mammalian somatic cells and cancer cells. Our previous study showed that p53 gene status is a critical factor regulating the effect of LDIR on cancer cells. We investigated the effect of LDIR on the breast
PMID 27959407

Three-Dimensional Architecture of the Human BRCA1-A Histone Deubiquitinase Core Complex.

Kyrieleis OJ1, McIntosh PB2, Webb SR1, Calder LJ2, Lloyd J1, Patel NA3, Martin SR4, Robinson CV3, Rosenthal PB5, Smerdon SJ6.
Cell reports.Cell Rep.2016 Dec 20;17(12):3099-3106. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.063.
BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor found to be mutated in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and plays key roles in the maintenance of genomic stability by homologous recombination repair. It is recruited to damaged chromatin as a component of the BRCA1-A deubiquitinase, which cleaves K63-linked ubiquiti
PMID 28009280

ATM mutations for surgeons.

Mansfield SA1, Pilarski R2, Agnese DM3.
Familial cancer.Fam Cancer.2016 Dec 17. [Epub ahead of print]
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene encodes a protein kinase involved in DNA repair. Heterozygotic carriers are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer. As the use of genetic testing increases, identification of at-risk patients will also increase. The aim of this study is to revie
PMID 27988859

Japanese Journal

Radiosensitizing Effect of TRPV1 Channel Inhibitors in Cancer Cells

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 39(7), 1224-1230, 2016
NAID 130005160779

Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia with Myelodysplasia-related Changes Associated with ATM Gene Deletion

Internal Medicine 55(12), 1625-1629, 2016
NAID 130005157664

Increased oxidative stress in AOA3 cells disturbs ATM-dependent DNA damage responses.

Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis 782, 42-50, 2015-04
NAID 120005670865

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ATM」「血管拡張性失調症変異」
関連記事	「mutate」「ataxia telangiectasia」

「ATM」

ATM serine/threonine kinase
Identifiers
Symbols	ATM ; AT1; ATA; ATC; ATD; ATDC; ATE; TEL1; TELO1
External IDs	OMIM: 607585 HomoloGene: 30952 ChEMBL: 3797 GeneCards: ATM Gene
EC number	2.7.11.1
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• DNA binding; • protein serine/threonine kinase activity; • DNA-dependent protein kinase activity; • protein binding; • ATP binding; • 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity; • protein complex binding; • histone serine kinase activity; • protein dimerization activity; • protein N-terminus binding;
Cellular component	• chromosome, telomeric region; • nucleoplasm; • spindle; • cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle;
Biological process	• telomere maintenance; • double-strand break repair via homologous recombination; • response to hypoxia; • somitogenesis; • pre-B cell allelic exclusion; • DNA repair; • double-strand break repair; • protein phosphorylation; • cellular response to DNA damage stimulus; • DNA damage induced protein phosphorylation; • DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest; • cell cycle arrest; • mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint; • reciprocal meiotic recombination; • signal transduction; • brain development; • heart development; • determination of adult lifespan; • intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage; • response to ionizing radiation; • peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; • negative regulation of B cell proliferation; • V(D)J recombination; • cellular response to heat; • histone-serine phosphorylation; • phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process; • lipoprotein catabolic process; • positive regulation of apoptotic process; • positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator; • positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process; • protein autophosphorylation; • oocyte development; • neuron apoptotic process; • histone mRNA catabolic process; • cellular response to gamma radiation; • signal transduction involved in mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint; • replicative senescence; • regulation of cellular response to heat;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	v; t; e;

　　[★]

血管拡張性失調症変異 ataxia telangiectasia mutated ataxia-telangiectasia mutation
ATM療法
asynchronous Transfer Mode switching system

「血管拡張性失調症変異」

　　[★]

英: ataxia telangiectasia mutated、ATM

「mutate」

　　[★]

v.

変異する、突然変異する、変異導入する

関: discontinuous variation、mutant、mutation、transmutation、variant、variation、variational

「ataxia telangiectasia」

　　[★] 毛細血管拡張性運動失調症

[1] "Entrez Gene: ATM ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes complementation groups A, C and D)".

[pmid18066086-2] Lee JH, Paull TT (December 2007). "Activation and regulation of ATM kinase activity in response to DNA double-strand breaks". Oncogene 26 (56): 7741–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210872. PMID 18066086.

[3] "Serine-protein kinase ATM - Homo sapiens (Human)".

[Lempi.C3.A4inenHalazonetis-4] Lempiäinen H, Halazonetis TD (October 2009). "Emerging common themes in regulation of PIKKs and PI3Ks". EMBO J. 28 (20): 3067–73. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.281. PMC 2752028. PMID 19779456.

[pmid18770804-5] Huang X, Halicka HD, Darzynkiewicz Z (November 2004). "Detection of histone H2AX phosphorylation on Ser-139 as an indicator of DNA damage (DNA double-strand breaks)". Curr Protoc Cytom. Chapter 7: Unit 7.27. doi:10.1002/0471142956.cy0727s30. ISBN 0-471-14295-6. PMID 18770804.

[pmid9733515-6] Canman CE, Lim DS, Cimprich KA, Taya Y, Tamai K, Sakaguchi K, Appella E, Kastan MB, Siliciano JD (September 1998). "Activation of the ATM kinase by ionizing radiation and phosphorylation of p53". Science 281 (5383): 1677–9. doi:10.1126/science.281.5383.1677. PMID 9733515.

[MorganDavid-7] Morgan, David O. (2007). The cell cycle: Principles of Control. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920610-4.

[Mitochondrial_dysfunction_in_ataxia-telangiectasia-8] Valentin-Vega YA, Maclean KH, Tait-Mulder J, Milasta S, Steeves M, Dorsey FC, Cleveland JL, Green DR, Kastan MB (2012). "Mitochondrial dysfunction in ataxia-telangiectasia". Blood 119 (6): 1490–500. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-373639. PMC 3286212. PMID 22144182.

[pmid12556884-9] Bakkenist CJ, Kastan MB (January 2003). "DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation". Nature 421 (6922): 499–506. doi:10.1038/nature01368. PMID 12556884.

[pmid9916992-10] Canman CE, Lim DS (December 1998). "The role of ATM in DNA damage responses and cancer". Oncogene 17 (25): 3301–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202577. PMID 9916992.

[pmid9733514-11] Banin S, Moyal L, Shieh S, Taya Y, Anderson CW, Chessa L, Smorodinsky NI, Prives C, Reiss Y, Shiloh Y, Ziv Y (September 1998). "Enhanced phosphorylation of p53 by ATM in response to DNA damage". Science 281 (5383): 1674–7. doi:10.1126/science.281.5383.1674. PMID 9733514.

[pmid15279774-12] Kurz EU, Lees-Miller SP (2004). "DNA damage-induced activation of ATM and ATM-dependent signaling pathways". DNA Repair (Amst.) 3 (8–9): 889–900. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.03.029. PMID 15279774.

[pmid11016625-13] Chen J (September 2000). "Ataxia telangiectasia-related protein is involved in the phosphorylation of BRCA1 following deoxyribonucleic acid damage". Cancer Res. 60 (18): 5037–9. PMID 11016625.

[pmid17683622-14] Friedenson B (2007). "The BRCA1/2 pathway prevents hematologic cancers in addition to breast and ovarian cancers". BMC Cancer 7: 152. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-7-152. PMC 1959234. PMID 17683622. Lay summary – Scientific Video Site.

[pmid23851492-15] Cremona CA, Behrens A (2014). "ATM signalling and cancer". Oncogene 33 (26): 3351–60. doi:10.1038/onc.2013.275. PMID 23851492.

[pmid25159481-16] Mehdipour P, Karami F, Javan F, Mehrazin M (2015). "Linking ATM Promoter Methylation to Cell Cycle Protein Expression in Brain Tumor Patients: Cellular Molecular Triangle Correlation in ATM Territory". Mol. Neurobiol. 52 (1): 293–302. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-8864-9. PMID 25159481.

[pmid26255234-17] Delmonico L, Moreira Ados S, Franco MF, Esteves EB, Scherrer L, Gallo CV, do Nascimento CM, Ornellas MH, de Azevedo CM, Alves G (2015). "CDKN2A (p14(ARF)/p16(INK4a)) and ATM promoter methylation in patients with impalpable breast lesions". Hum. Pathol. 46 (10): 1540–7. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2015.06.016. PMID 26255234.

[pmid15516988-18] Vo QN, Kim WJ, Cvitanovic L, Boudreau DA, Ginzinger DG, Brown KD (2004). "The ATM gene is a target for epigenetic silencing in locally advanced breast cancer". Oncogene 23 (58): 9432–7. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208092. PMID 15516988.

[pmid15958624-19] Safar AM, Spencer H, Su X, Coffey M, Cooney CA, Ratnasinghe LD, Hutchins LF, Fan CY (2005). "Methylation profiling of archived non-small cell lung cancer: a promising prognostic system". Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (12): 4400–5. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2378. PMID 15958624.

[pmid16139561-20] Bolt J, Vo QN, Kim WJ, McWhorter AJ, Thomson J, Hagensee ME, Friedlander P, Brown KD, Gilbert J (2005). "The ATM/p53 pathway is commonly targeted for inactivation in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) by multiple molecular mechanisms". Oral Oncol. 41 (10): 1013–20. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.06.003. PMID 16139561.

[pmid18403632-21] Kastan MB (2008). "DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture". Mol. Cancer Res. 6 (4): 517–24. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020. PMID 18403632.

[22] Bernstein C, Prasad AR, Nfonsam V, Bernstein H. (2013). DNA Damage, DNA Repair and Cancer, New Research Directions in DNA Repair, Prof. Clark Chen (Ed.), ISBN 978-953-51-1114-6, InTech, http://www.intechopen.com/books/new-research-directions-in-dna-repair/dna-damage-dna-repair-and-cancer

[pmid18082599-23] Harper JW, Elledge SJ (2007). "The DNA damage response: ten years after". Mol. Cell 28 (5): 739–45. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.015. PMID 18082599.

[Hagan-24] O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (2008). "Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". PLoS Genetics 4 (8): e1000155. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155. PMC 2491723. PMID 18704159.

[Cuozzo-25] Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, Messina S, Iuliano R, Fusco A, Santillo MR, Muller MT, Chiariotti L, Gottesman ME, Avvedimento EV (Jul 2007). "DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation". PLoS Genetics 3 (7): e110. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110. PMC 1913100. PMID 17616978.

[pmid14681204-26] Hamer G, Kal HB, Westphal CH, Ashley T, de Rooij DG (2004). "Ataxia telangiectasia mutated expression and activation in the testis". Biol. Reprod. 70 (4): 1206–12. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.103.024950. PMID 14681204.

[pmid17177185-27] Galetzka D, Weis E, Kohlschmidt N, Bitz O, Stein R, Haaf T (2007). "Expression of somatic DNA repair genes in human testes". J. Cell. Biochem. 100 (5): 1232–9. doi:10.1002/jcb.21113. PMID 17177185.

[pmid9735362-28] Barlow C, Liyanage M, Moens PB, Tarsounas M, Nagashima K, Brown K, Rottinghaus S, Jackson SP, Tagle D, Ried T, Wynshaw-Boris A (1998). "Atm deficiency results in severe meiotic disruption as early as leptonema of prophase I". Development 125 (20): 4007–17. PMID 9735362.

[Titus-29] Titus S, Li F, Stobezki R, Akula K, Unsal E, Jeong K, Dickler M, Robson M, Moy F, Goswami S, Oktay K (2013). "Impairment of BRCA1-related DNA double-strand break repair leads to ovarian aging in mice and humans". Sci Transl Med 5 (172): 172ra21. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004925. PMID 23408054.

[pmid10212258-30] Chen G, Yuan SS, Liu W, Xu Y, Trujillo K, Song B, Cong F, Goff SP, Wu Y, Arlinghaus R, Baltimore D, Gasser PJ, Park MS, Sung P, Lee EY (April 1999). "Radiation-induced assembly of Rad51 and Rad52 recombination complex requires ATM and c-Abl". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (18): 12748–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.18.12748. PMID 10212258.

[pmid11375976-31] Kishi S, Zhou XZ, Ziv Y, Khoo C, Hill DE, Shiloh Y, Lu KP (August 2001). "Telomeric protein Pin2/TRF1 as an important ATM target in response to double strand DNA breaks". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (31): 29282–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011534200. PMID 11375976.

[pmid9168117-32] Shafman T, Khanna KK, Kedar P, Spring K, Kozlov S, Yen T, Hobson K, Gatei M, Zhang N, Watters D, Egerton M, Shiloh Y, Kharbanda S, Kufe D, Lavin MF (May 1997). "Interaction between ATM protein and c-Abl in response to DNA damage". Nature 387 (6632): 520–3. doi:10.1038/387520a0. PMID 9168117.

[pmid10608806-33] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kim ST, Lim DS, Canman CE, Kastan MB (Dec 1999). "Substrate specificities and identification of putative substrates of ATM kinase family members". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (53): 37538–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37538. PMID 10608806.

[pmid10783165-34] Wang Y, Cortez D, Yazdi P, Neff N, Elledge SJ, Qin J (April 2000). "BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures". Genes Dev. 14 (8): 927–39. doi:10.1101/gad.14.8.927. PMC 316544. PMID 10783165.

[pmid10866324-35] Gatei M, Scott SP, Filippovitch I, Soronika N, Lavin MF, Weber B, Khanna KK (June 2000). "Role for ATM in DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of BRCA1". Cancer Res. 60 (12): 3299–304. PMID 10866324.

[pmid10550055-36] Cortez D, Wang Y, Qin J, Elledge SJ (November 1999). "Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks". Science 286 (5442): 1162–6. doi:10.1126/science.286.5442.1162. PMID 10550055.

[pmid11114888-37] Tibbetts RS, Cortez D, Brumbaugh KM, Scully R, Livingston D, Elledge SJ, Abraham RT (Dec 2000). "Functional interactions between BRCA1 and the checkpoint kinase ATR during genotoxic stress". Genes Dev. 14 (23): 2989–3002. doi:10.1101/gad.851000. PMC 317107. PMID 11114888.

[pmid11278964-38] Gatei M, Zhou BB, Hobson K, Scott S, Young D, Khanna KK (May 2001). "Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and ATM and Rad3 related kinase mediate phosphorylation of Brca1 at distinct and overlapping sites. In vivo assessment using phospho-specific antibodies". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (20): 17276–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011681200. PMID 11278964.

[pmid12034743-39] Beamish H, Kedar P, Kaneko H, Chen P, Fukao T, Peng C, Beresten S, Gueven N, Purdie D, Lees-Miller S, Ellis N, Kondo N, Lavin MF (August 2002). "Functional link between BLM defective in Bloom's syndrome and the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein, ATM". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (34): 30515–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203801200. PMID 12034743.

[pmid10464290-40] Suzuki K, Kodama S, Watanabe M (September 1999). "Recruitment of ATM protein to double strand DNA irradiated with ionizing radiation". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (36): 25571–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.36.25571. PMID 10464290.

[pmid12086603-41] Taniguchi T, Garcia-Higuera I, Xu B, Andreassen PR, Gregory RC, Kim ST, Lane WS, Kastan MB, D'Andrea AD (May 2002). "Convergence of the fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia signaling pathways". Cell 109 (4): 459–72. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00747-x. PMID 12086603.

[pmid14499622-42] Reuter TY, Medhurst AL, Waisfisz Q, Zhi Y, Herterich S, Hoehn H, Gross HJ, Joenje H, Hoatlin ME, Mathew CG, Huber PA (October 2003). "Yeast two-hybrid screens imply involvement of Fanconi anemia proteins in transcription regulation, cell signaling, oxidative metabolism, and cellular transport". Exp. Cell Res. 289 (2): 211–21. doi:10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00261-1. PMID 14499622.

[pmid15632067-43] Kang J, Ferguson D, Song H, Bassing C, Eckersdorff M, Alt FW, Xu Y (January 2005). "Functional interaction of H2AX, NBS1, and p53 in ATM-dependent DNA damage responses and tumor suppression". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2): 661–70. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.2.661-670.2005. PMC 543410. PMID 15632067.

[pmid15159397-44] Fabbro M, Savage K, Hobson K, Deans AJ, Powell SN, McArthur GA, Khanna KK (July 2004). "BRCA1-BARD1 complexes are required for p53Ser-15 phosphorylation and a G1/S arrest following ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (30): 31251–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M405372200. PMID 15159397.

[pmid9843217-45] Khanna KK, Keating KE, Kozlov S, Scott S, Gatei M, Hobson K, Taya Y, Gabrielli B, Chan D, Lees-Miller SP, Lavin MF (Dec 1998). "ATM associates with and phosphorylates p53: mapping the region of interaction". Nat. Genet. 20 (4): 398–400. doi:10.1038/3882. PMID 9843217.

[pmid9135004-46] Westphal CH, Schmaltz C, Rowan S, Elson A, Fisher DE, Leder P (May 1997). "Genetic interactions between atm and p53 influence cellular proliferation and irradiation-induced cell cycle checkpoints". Cancer Res. 57 (9): 1664–7. PMID 9135004.

[pmid11418864-47] Bao S, Tibbetts RS, Brumbaugh KM, Fang Y, Richardson DA, Ali A, Chen SM, Abraham RT, Wang XF (June 2001). "ATR/ATM-mediated phosphorylation of human Rad17 is required for genotoxic stress responses". Nature 411 (6840): 969–74. doi:10.1038/35082110. PMID 11418864.

[pmid10910365-48] Li S, Ting NS, Zheng L, Chen PL, Ziv Y, Shiloh Y, Lee EY, Lee WH (July 2000). "Functional link of BRCA1 and ataxia telangiectasia gene product in DNA damage response". Nature 406 (6792): 210–5. doi:10.1038/35018134. PMID 10910365.

[pmid15854902-49] Long X, Lin Y, Ortiz-Vega S, Yonezawa K, Avruch J (April 2005). "Rheb binds and regulates the mTOR kinase". Curr. Biol. 15 (8): 702–13. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.053. PMID 15854902.

[pmid19015526-50] Chang L, Zhou B, Hu S, Guo R, Liu X, Jones SN, Yen Y (November 2008). "ATM-mediated serine 72 phosphorylation stabilizes ribonucleotide reductase small subunit p53R2 protein against MDM2 to DNA damage". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (47): 18519–24. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803313105. PMC 2587585. PMID 19015526.

[pmid11877376-51] Kim ST, Xu B, Kastan MB (March 2002). "Involvement of the cohesin protein, Smc1, in Atm-dependent and independent responses to DNA damage". Genes Dev. 16 (5): 560–70. doi:10.1101/gad.970602. PMC 155347. PMID 11877376.

[pmid12447390-52] Fernandez-Capetillo O, Chen HT, Celeste A, Ward I, Romanienko PJ, Morales JC, Naka K, Xia Z, Camerini-Otero RD, Motoyama N, Carpenter PB, Bonner WM, Chen J, Nussenzweig A (Dec 2002). "DNA damage-induced G2-M checkpoint activation by histone H2AX and 53BP1". Nat. Cell Biol. 4 (12): 993–7. doi:10.1038/ncb884. PMID 12447390.

[pmid12697768-53] Ward IM, Minn K, Jorda KG, Chen J (May 2003). "Accumulation of checkpoint protein 53BP1 at DNA breaks involves its binding to phosphorylated histone H2AX". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (22): 19579–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.C300117200. PMID 12697768.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

ataxia telangiectasia mutated