関: Alder、Alnus

WordNet

alders (同)genus Alnus
evergreen Asiatic trees now grown through the tropics: breadfruit; jackfruit (同)genus Artocarpus

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/07 13:50:01」(JST)

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Artocarpus is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae.

Description

All Artocarpus species are laticiferous trees or shrubs that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky sap. The fauna type is monoecious and produces unisexual flowers; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous fruit, and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The ovary is superior in this species.^{[citation needed]} The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire (Artocarpus integer) to large and lobed (Artocarpus altilis), with the cordate leaves of the species A. altilis ending in a long, sharp tip.

Taxonomy

The name Artocarpus is derived from the Greek words "artos" ("bread") and "karpos" ("fruit"). This name was coined by Johann Reinhold Forster and J. Georg Adam Forster, a father and son team of botanists aboard the HMS Resolution on James Cook's second voyage, and is maintained as a conserved name.

Distribution

Most species of Artocarpus are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially Artocarpus altilis and A. heterophyllus, which are cultivated throughout the tropics.^[2]

Uses

Several species in the genus bear edible fruit and are commonly cultivated: Artocarpus altilis (Breadfruit), A. integer (Cempedak), A. heterophyllus (Jackfruit), A. hypargyreus (Kwai Muk), A. lakoocha (Lakoocha), A. kemando (Pudau), A. hirsutus (Angily), A. chaplasha (Chaplaish) and A. odoratissimus (Marang). In the most recent revision of Artocarpus, the highly variable species A. communis contains the following three species of breadfruit: A. altilis, A. mariannensis and A. camansi. Artocarpus hirsutus provides timber suitable for household use and is widely grown in the Western Ghats ("anjily" in Malayalam). The fruit of A. hirsutus have a sweet, edible pulp, while the seeds can be dry-roasted for eating.

Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber, fruit or edible seeds.

Subgenera

Recent phylogenetic research, based on leaf arrangement, leaf anatomical characters and stipules, indicates that there are at least two subgenera in Artocarpus:

Subgenus Artocarpus: Perianth of fruit is partially connate.
Subgenus Pseudojaca: Perianth is entirely connate.

The genus Prainea is closely allied to the subgenus Pseudojaca, and some researchers treat it as a third subgenus of Artocarpus. The following list still follows the traditional line.

Artocarpus odoratissimus (Marang) is in the Artocarpus subgenus.

Selected species

A. altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg - Breadfruit, Seeded Breadfruit, Antipolo, Camansi, Anubing
A. anisophyllus Miq. - Entawak
A. blancoi (Elmer) Merr.
A. camansi Blanco
A. chama Buch.-Ham. - Chaplaish
A. elasticus Reinw. ex Blume - Bendo, Terap
A. gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul
A. heterophyllus Lam. - Nangka, Jackfruit
A. hirsutus Lam. - Angily, Angelin, Hirsute Artocarpus, Aini Maram, Aini
A. hypargyreus Hance ex Benth. - Kwai Muk
A. integer (Thunb.) Merr. - Cempedak
A. kemando Miq. - Pudau
A. lacucha Buch.-Ham. - Lakoocha
A. lignanensis Merr.
A. mariannensis Trécul
A. nitidus Trécul - Butong
A. nobilis Thwaites
A. odoratissimus Blanco - Marang
A. ovatus Blanco
A. rigidus Blume - Monkey Jackruit
A. rubrovenus Warb.
A. sarawakensis F.M.Jarrett - Pingan
A. scortechinii King - Two Winged Artocarpus
A. sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett - Pedalai
A. tamaran Becc. - Elephant jack
A. tonkinensis A.Chev. ex Gagnep.
A. treculianus Elmer - African breadfruit^[3]^[4]^[5]

References

^ "Artocarpus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-01-16. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1013. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
^ Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Diane Ragone; Timothy J. Motley (2005). "Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)". Systematic Botany 30 (3): 603–15. doi:10.1600/03636440yy54782134. http://www.chicagobotanic.org/downloads/staff/zerega/Zerega_etal_2005_SysBot.pdf.
^ GRIN. "Species in GRIN for genus Artocarpus". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1013. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
^ "Name - Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. subordinate taxa". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40020327. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
^ "Query Results for Genus Genus". IPNI. http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_genus=Artocarpus&find_rankToReturn=spec&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

Possible subgenera of Artocarpus
Nyree Conrad Zerega- Dissertation Topic : Phylogeny of the genus Artocarpus (Moraceae), with a focus on the systematics, genetics, conservation, and biogeography of breadfruit
Zerega, NJC and TJ Motley. 2001. Artocarpus (Moraceae) molecular phylogeny and the systematics and origins of breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Presented at the Botanical Society of America annual meeting, Albuquerque, NM, August 12 – 16, 2001.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Artocarpus

Wikispecies has information related to: Artocarpus

English Journal

Yeast expressed ArtinM shares structure, carbohydrate recognition, and biological effects with native ArtinM.

Cecílio NT1, Carvalho FC2, Liu Y3, Moncrieffe M4, Buranello PA5, Zorzetto-Fernandes AL6, Luche DD7, Hanna ES8, Soares SG9, Feizi T10, Gay NJ11, Goldman MH12, Roque-Barreira MC13.
International journal of biological macromolecules.Int J Biol Macromol.2016 Jan;82:22-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.062. Epub 2015 Oct 1.
Recent advances in glycobiology have revealed the essential role of lectins in deciphering the glycocodes at the cell surface to generate important biological signaling responses. ArtinM, a d-mannose-binding lectin isolated from the seeds of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), is composed of 16kDa
PMID 26433176

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) gibberellin 2-oxidase genes in stem elongation and abiotic stress response.

Zhou Y1, Underhill SJ2.
Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB / Société française de physiologie végétale.Plant Physiol Biochem.2016 Jan;98:81-8. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.012. Epub 2015 Nov 23.
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional staple tree crop in the Oceania. Susceptibility to windstorm damage is a primary constraint on breadfruit cultivation. Significant tree loss due to intense tropical windstorm in the past decades has driven a widespread interest in developing breadfrui
PMID 26646240

Artocarpus altilis heartwood extract protects skin against UVB in vitro and in vivo.

Tiraravesit N1, Yakaew S1, Rukchay R1, Luangbudnark W2, Viennet C3, Humbert P4, Viyoch J5.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2015 Dec 4;175:153-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.09.023. Epub 2015 Sep 18.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Artocarpus altilis (Moreceae) has been widely used as a traditional folk medicine in Southeast Asia for the treatment of many diseases, including skin disorders, such as ulcers and dermatitis.AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to investigate the ability of an a
PMID 26387741

Japanese Journal

Other Papers Presented at theWorkshop (Abstract Only)

南太平洋海域調査研究報告=Occasional papers 54, 89-90, 2014-12-31
NAID 120005617515

Effect of the Hot Water Extract of <i>Artocarpus camansi</i> Leaves on 2,4,6-Trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB)-Induced Contact Hypersensitivity in Mice

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(3), 493-497, 2014
NAID 130003390944

Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Marker Bands for Rapid Detection of Cyanomaclurin

Eurasian Journal of Forest Research 16(1), 63-66, 2013-08
NAID 120005333592

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Alnus」「パンノキ」「Alder」

「Alnus」

Artocarpus
	Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Moraceae
Tribe:	Artocarpeae
Genus:	Artocarpus; J.R.Forster & G.Forster
Species
	See text

　　[★]

ハンノキ属、アルヌス属、Alnus属

関: Alder、artocarpus

「パンノキ」

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英: artocarpus
関: アルダー、ハンノキ属

「Alder」

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アルダー

関: Alnus、artocarpus

[0] "Artocarpus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-01-16. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1013. Retrieved 2009-03-11.

[Zerega2005-1] Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Diane Ragone; Timothy J. Motley (2005). "Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)". Systematic Botany 30 (3): 603–15. doi:10.1600/03636440yy54782134. http://www.chicagobotanic.org/downloads/staff/zerega/Zerega_etal_2005_SysBot.pdf.

[grin-2] GRIN. "Species in GRIN for genus Artocarpus". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1013. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

[trop-3] "Name - Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. subordinate taxa". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40020327. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

[ipni-4] "Query Results for Genus Genus". IPNI. http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_genus=Artocarpus&find_rankToReturn=spec&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

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案内

artocarpus