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The allocortex (also known as heterogenetic cortex) is one of the two types of cerebral cortex, the other being the neocortex. It is characterized by having just three or four cell layers, in contrast with the six layers of the neocortex, and takes up a much smaller area than the neocortex. There are three subtypes of allocortex: the paleocortex, the archicortex, and the periallocortex – a transitional zone between the neocortex and the allocortex.^[1]

The specific regions of the brain usually described as belonging to the allocortex are the olfactory system, and the hippocampus.

Allocortex is termed heterogenetic cortex, because during development it never has the six-layered architecture of homogenetic neocortex. It differs from heterotypic cortex, a type of cerebral cortex, which during prenatal development, passes through a six-layered stage to have fewer layers, such as in Brodmann area 4 that lacks granule cells.^[2]

Structure

The allocortex has just three or four layers of neuronal cell bodies in contrast to the six layers of the neocortex. There are three subtypes of allocortex, the paleocortex, archicortex and periallocortex.^[3]

Paleocortex is a type of thin, primitive cortical tissue that consists of three to five cortical laminae (layers of neuronal cell bodies).^[4] In comparison, the neocortex has six layers and the archicortex has three or four layers.^[5]

Archicortex is a type of cortical tissue that consists of three laminae (layers of neuronal cell bodies).^[6] It has fewer layers than both neocortex, which has six, and paleocortex, which has either four or five. Because the number of laminae that compose a type of cortical tissue seems to be directly proportional to both the information-processing capabilities of that tissue and its phylogenetic age, paleocortex is thought to be an intermediate between neocortex and archicortex in both aspects, and archicortex is thought to be the oldest and most basic type of cortical tissue.^[6]

Location

Paleocortex is present in the parahippocampal gyrus,^[6] olfactory bulb, accessory olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex, periamygdalar area,^[3] anterior olfactory nucleus, anterior perforated substance, and prepyriform area.

Archicortex is most prevalent in the olfactory cortex and the hippocampus,^[7] which are responsible for processing smells and forming memories, respectively.^[8] Because olfaction is considered to be the phylogenetically oldest sensory modality,^[9] and the limbic system, of which the hippocampus is a part, is one of the oldest systems in the brain,^[10] it is likely that archicortex was one of the first types of tissue to develop in primitive nervous systems.

Archicortical precursor cells are also present in the dentate gyrus of the developing mammalian embryo.^[11]

References

^ http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2315
^ Crosby EC; Humphrey T; Lauer EW (1962)Correlative Anatomy of the Nervous System. New York: MacMillan
^ ^a ^b "Paleocortex". BrainInfo. University of Washington. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
^ Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William C; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; White, Leonard E (2011). Neuroscience (5th ed.). Sinauer Associates Inc. p. 666. ISBN 9780878936465.
^ Purves et al: Neuroscience 3rd Edition, 2004, page 617
^ ^a ^b ^c Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William C; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; White, Leonard E (2011). Neuroscience (5th ed.). Sinauer Associates Inc. ISBN 9780878936465.
^ Wills, T. J.; Cacucci, F.; Burgess, N.; O'Keefe, J. (2010). "Development of the Hippocampal Cognitive Map in Preweanling Rats". Science. 328 (5985): 1573–1576. doi:10.1126/science.1188224. PMC 3543985. PMID 20558720.
^ Haberly, Lewis B (1990). "Comparative Aspects of Olfactory Cortex". Cerebral Cortex (8B ed.). pp. 137–166. ISBN 978-1-4615-3824-0.
^ Albrecht, J.; Wiesmann, M. (2006). "Das olfaktorische System des Menschen". Der Nervenarzt. 77 (8): 931–939. doi:10.1007/s00115-006-2121-z. PMID 16871378.
^ Rajmohan, V.; Mohandas, E. (2007). "The limbic system". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (2): 132–139. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.33264. PMC 2917081. PMID 20711399.
^ Pellegrini, M.; Mansouri, A.; Simeone, A.; Boncinelli, E.; Gruss, P. (1996). "Dentate gyrus formation requires Emx2". Development (Cambridge, England). 122 (12): 3893–3898. PMID 9012509.

"Allocortex." Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 27th ed. (2000). ISBN 0-683-40007-X
Haines, Duane E. Fundamental Neuroscience, 2nd. (2002). ISBN 0-443-06603-5

English Journal

Temporal lobe epilepsy and cavernous malformations: surgical strategies and long-term outcomes.

Vale FL1, Vivas AC2, Manwaring J2, Schoenberg MR3, Benbadis SR4.
Acta neurochirurgica.Acta Neurochir (Wien).2015 Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) of the temporal lobe often present with seizures. Surgical resection of these lesions can offer durable seizure control. There is, however, no universally accepted methodology for assessing and surgically treating these patients. We propose an algori
PMID 26416611

Inhaled nitric oxide improves transpulmonary blood flow and clinical outcomes after prolonged cardiac arrest: a large animal study.

Derwall M1, Ebeling A2, Nolte KW3, Weis J4, Rossaint R5, Ichinose F6, Nix C7, Fries M8, Brücken A9.
Critical care (London, England).Crit Care.2015 Sep 15;19:328. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-1050-2.
INTRODUCTION: The probability to achieve a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest can be improved by optimizing circulation during cardiopulomonary resuscitation using a percutaneous left ventricular assist device (iCPR). Inhaled nitric oxide may facilitate transpulmonary bloo
PMID 26369409

Evolution of the mammalian dentate gyrus.

Hevner RF1,2.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2015 Jul 14. doi: 10.1002/cne.23851. [Epub ahead of print]
The dentate gyrus (DG), a part of the hippocampal formation, has important functions in learning, memory, and adult neurogenesis. Compared with homologous areas in sauropsids (birds and reptiles), the mammalian DG is larger and exhibits qualitatively different phenotypes: 1) folded (C- or V-shaped)
PMID 26179319

Japanese Journal

脳の進化と意識(一般講演,第36回生命情報科学シンポジウム)

Journal of International Society of Life Information Science 31(2), 187, 2013-09-01
NAID 110009631236

脳を創る : 第3回古皮質の概念モデルと生体情報

日本神経回路学会誌 = The Brain & neural networks 5(4), 185-189, 1998-12-05
NAID 10011263550

The limbic system:An outline and brief history of its concept

Neuropathology : official journal the Japanese Society of Neuropathology 18(2), 211-214, 1998-06-01
NAID 10011559178

Related Pictures

image cortical_circuitry for term side of Archicortex AREAS, LIMBIC CORTEX, ARCHICORTEX Bio Geo Nerd: Brain Anatomy and Functions of two types paleocortex and archicortex Gyrus parahippocampique — Wikipédia Abb. 14-1: Kortikale und subkortikale Super Brain By Rudolph E. Tanzi and Deepak

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「原皮質」

Allocortex
Identifiers
NeuroNames	ancil-759
NeuroLex ID	Allocortex
Dorlands; /Elsevier	a_25/12121777
TA	A14.1.09.305
FMA	83687
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: archicortex (KH)
関: 新皮質、連合野、大脳皮質

[1] ttp://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2315

[2] Crosby EC; Humphrey T; Lauer EW (1962)Correlative Anatomy of the Nervous System. New York: MacMillan

[BrainInfo_Paleocortex-3] "Paleocortex". BrainInfo. University of Washington. Retrieved 5 May 2013.

[4] Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William C; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; White, Leonard E (2011). Neuroscience (5th ed.). Sinauer Associates Inc. p. 666. ISBN 9780878936465.

[5] Purves et al: Neuroscience 3rd Edition, 2004, page 617

[Purves_2011-6] Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William C; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; White, Leonard E (2011). Neuroscience (5th ed.). Sinauer Associates Inc. ISBN 9780878936465.

[Wills_2010-7] Wills, T. J.; Cacucci, F.; Burgess, N.; O'Keefe, J. (2010). "Development of the Hippocampal Cognitive Map in Preweanling Rats". Science. 328 (5985): 1573–1576. doi:10.1126/science.1188224. PMC 3543985. PMID 20558720.

[Haberly_1990-8] Haberly, Lewis B (1990). "Comparative Aspects of Olfactory Cortex". Cerebral Cortex (8B ed.). pp. 137–166. ISBN 978-1-4615-3824-0.

[Albrecht_2006-9] Albrecht, J.; Wiesmann, M. (2006). "Das olfaktorische System des Menschen". Der Nervenarzt. 77 (8): 931–939. doi:10.1007/s00115-006-2121-z. PMID 16871378.

[Rajmohan_2007-10] Rajmohan, V.; Mohandas, E. (2007). "The limbic system". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (2): 132–139. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.33264. PMC 2917081. PMID 20711399.

[Pellegrini_1996-11] Pellegrini, M.; Mansouri, A.; Simeone, A.; Boncinelli, E.; Gruss, P. (1996). "Dentate gyrus formation requires Emx2". Development (Cambridge, England). 122 (12): 3893–3898. PMID 9012509.

v t e Cerebrum cortex types

Structure types	Isocortex True isocortex or Neocortex Proisocortex Allocortex Paleocortex Archicortex Band of Gennari

Layers	Internal granular layer External granular layer

Cells	Betz cell Pyramidal cell Stellate cell

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archicortex