WordNet

a standard or typical example; "he is the prototype of good breeding"; "he provided America with an image of the good father" (同)paradigm, epitome, image
representing or constituting an original type after which other similar things are patterned; "archetypal patterns"; "she was the prototypal student activist" (同)archetypical, prototypal, prototypic, prototypical
something to be imitated; "an exemplar of success"; "a model of clarity"; "he is the very model of a modern major general" (同)example, model, good example

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…の)原型,模範,手本《+『of』+『名』》
(…の)原型;典型,模範《+『of』+『名』》
原型の,典型の
(まねすべき)手本,模範 / 例,典型

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/06/04 15:42:02」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The concept of an archetype /ˈɑːrkɪtaɪp/ appears in areas relating to behavior, historical psychological theory, and literary analysis. An archetype can be:

a statement, pattern of behavior, or prototype (model) which other statements, patterns of behavior, and objects copy or emulate. (Frequently used informal synonyms for this usage include "standard example", "basic example", and the longer form "archetypal example". Mathematical archetypes often appear as "canonical examples".)
a Platonic philosophical idea referring to pure forms which embody the fundamental characteristics of a thing in Platonism
a collectively-inherited unconscious idea, pattern of thought, image, etc., that is universally present, in individual psyches, as in Jungian psychology
a constantly recurring symbol or motif in literature, painting, or mythology (this usage of the term draws from both comparative anthropology and from Jungian archetypal theory). In various seemingly unrelated cases in classic storytelling, media, etc., characters or ideas sharing similar traits recur.

Archetypes are also very close analogies to instincts in the sense that it is impersonal and inherited traits that present and motivate human behavior long before any consciousness develops.^[1] They also continue to influence feelings and behavior even after some degree of consciousness developed later on.^[1]

Etymology

The word archetype, "original pattern from which copies are made", first entered into English usage in the 1540s^[2] and derives from the Latin noun archetypum, latinisation of the Greek noun ἀρχέτυπον (archétypon), whose adjective form is ἀρχέτυπος (archétypos), which means "first-molded",^[3] which is a compound of ἀρχή archḗ, "beginning, origin",^[4] and τύπος týpos, which can mean, amongst other things, "pattern", "model", or "type".^[5] It, thus, referred to the beginning or origin of the pattern, model or type.^[6]

Function

Usage of archetypes in specific pieces of writing is a holistic approach, which can help the writing win universal acceptance. This is because readers can relate to and identify with the characters and the situation, both socially and culturally. By deploying common archetypes contextually, a writer aims to impart realism^[7] to their work. According to many literary critics, archetypes have a standard and recurring depiction in a particular human culture and/or the whole human race that ultimately lays concrete pillars and can shape the whole structure in a literary work. There is also the position that the use of archetypes in different ways is possible because every archetype has multiple manifestations, with each one featuring different attributes.^[8] For instance, there is the position that the function of the archetype must be approached according to the context of biological sciences and is accomplished through the concept of the ultimate function.^[9] This pertains to the organism's response to those pressures in terms of biological trait.^[9]

Plato

The origins of the archetypal hypothesis date as far back as Plato. Plato's ideas or the so-called Platonic eidos were pure mental forms that were imprinted in the soul before it was born into the world. Some philosophers also translate the archetype as "essence" in order to avoid confusion with respect to Plato's conceptualization of Forms.^[10] While it is tempting to think of Forms as mental entities (ideas) that exist only in our mind, the philosopher insisted that they are independent of any minds (real).^[10] Eidos were collective in the sense that they embodied the fundamental characteristics of a thing rather than its specific peculiarities. In the seventeenth century, Sir Thomas Browne and Francis Bacon both employ the word 'archetype' in their writings; Browne in The Garden of Cyrus (1658) attempted to depict archetypes in his usage of symbolic proper-names.

Jungian archetypes

The concept of psychological archetypes was advanced by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, c. 1919. Jung has acknowledged that his conceptualization of archetype is influenced by Plato's eidos, which he described as "the formulated meaning of a primordial image by which it was represented symbolically."^[11] According to Jung, the term archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos, also believed to represent the word "form".^[11] He maintained that Platonic archetypes are metaphysical ideas, paradigms or models and that real things are held to be only copies of these model ideas.^[11] However, archetypes are not easily recognizable in Plato's works in the way in which Jung meant them.^[12]

In Jung's psychological framework, archetypes are innate, universal prototypes for ideas and may be used to interpret observations.^[6] A group of memories and interpretations associated with an archetype is a complex ( e.g. a mother complex associated with the mother archetype). Jung treated the archetypes as psychological organs, analogous to physical ones in that both are morphological constructs that arose through evolution.^[13] At the same time, it has also been observed that evolution can itself be considered an archetypal construct.^[14]

Jung states in part one of Man And His Symbols that:

My views about the 'archaic remnants', which I call 'archetypes' or 'primordial images,' have been constantly criticized by people who lack sufficient knowledge of the psychology of dreams and of mythology. The term 'archetype' is often misunderstood as meaning certain definite mythological images or motifs, but these are nothing more than conscious representations. Such variable representations cannot be inherited. The archetype is a tendency to form such representations of a motif—representations that can vary a great deal in detail without losing their basic pattern.

While there are a variety of categorizations of archetypes, Jung's configuration is perhaps the most well known and serves as the foundation for many other models. The four major archetypes to emerge from his work, which Jung originally terms primordial images, include the anima/animus, the self, the shadow, and the persona. Additionally, Jung referred to images of the wise old man, the child, the mother, and the maiden.^[15] He believed that each human mind retains these basic unconscious understandings of the human condition and the collective knowledge of our species in the construct of the collective unconscious.

Other authors have attributed 12 different archetypes to Jung, organized in three overarching categories, based on a fundamental driving force. These include:^[16]

The Ego Types
1. The Innocent
2. The Orphan/Regular Guy or Gal
3. The Hero
4. The Caregiver

The Soul Types
1. The Explorer
2. The Rebel
3. The Lover
4. The Creator

The Self Types
1. The Jester
2. The Sage
3. The Magician
4. The Ruler

Dichter's application of archetypes

Later in the 1900s, a Viennese psychologist named Dr. Ernest Dichter took these psychological constructs and applied them to marketing. Around 1939, he moved to New York and sent every ad agency on Madison Avenue a famous letter boasting his new discovery. He found that applying these universal themes to products promoted easier discovery and stronger loyalty for brands.^[17]

Story archetypes

Christopher Booker, author of The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories,^[18] argues that the following basic archetypes underlie all stories:

Overcoming the Monster
Rags to Riches
The Quest
Voyage and Return
Comedy
Tragedy
Rebirth

These themes coincide with the characters of Jung's archetypes.

Archetypal literary criticism

Archetypal literary criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works and that a text's meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myths. Cultural archetypes are the unknowable basic forms personified or made concrete by recurring images, symbols, or patterns (which may include motifs such as the "quest" or the "heavenly ascent"; recognizable character types such as the "trickster", "saint", "martyr" or the "hero"; symbols such as the apple or the snake; and imagery) and that have all been laden with meaning prior to their inclusion in any particular work.

The archetypes reveal shared roles among universal societies, such as the role of the mother in her natural relations with all members of the family. This archetype may create a shared imagery which is defined by many stereotypes that have not separated themselves from the traditional, biological, religious and mythical framework.^[19]

References

^ ^a ^b Holzinger, Andreas; Ziefle, Martina; Hitz, Martin; Debevc, Matjaz (2013-06-26). Human Factors in Computing and Informatics: First International Conference, SouthCHI 2013, Maribor, Slovenia, July 1-3, 2013, Proceedings. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 18. ISBN 9783642390616.
^ Douglas Harper. "Online Etymology Dictionary - Archetype".
^ ἀρχέτυπος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ ἀρχή, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ τύπος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ ^a ^b Celikel, Mehmet; Taniyan, Baysar (2015). English Studies: New Perspectives. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-1443877275.
^ "Online Literary Device - Archetype Function". 2013-08-19.
^ Odajnyk, V. Walter (2012). Archetype and Character: Power, Eros, Spirit, and Matter Personality Types. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 9781349349241.
^ ^a ^b Holtkamp, Mark B. (2012-07-10). Biology Of The Archetype. BookBaby. ISBN 9780615665337.
^ ^a ^b Soccio, Douglas J. (2009). Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy, Seventh edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 128. ISBN 9780495603825.
^ ^a ^b ^c Knox, Jean (2003). Archetype, Attachment, Analysis: Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind. New York: Brunner-Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-1583911280.
^ Nagy, Marilyn (1991). Philosophical Issues in the Psychology of C. G. Jung: Portraits, Policies, Programs, and Practices. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0791404515.
^ Boeree, C. George. "Carl Jung". Archived from the original on 6 February 2006. Retrieved 2006-03-09.
^ Brown, R.S.(2013). Beyond the Evolutionary Paradigm in Consciousness Studies. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 45.2, 159-171.
^ "Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious", Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 9 (Part 1): Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Princeton University Press, 2014, doi:10.1515/9781400850969.3, ISBN 9781400850969
^ "Archetypes – 12 Jungian types of human". mainform.net. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
^ "Retail therapy. How Ernest Dichter, an acolyte of Sigmund Freud, revolutionised marketing". The Economist. December 17, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-01. In 1939 he wrote to six big American companies, introducing himself as 'a young psychologist ...
^ Christopher., Booker (2004). The seven basic plots : why we tell stories. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0826452092. OCLC 57131450.
^ Sbaihat, Ahlam (2012). La imagen de la madre en el refranero español y jordano. Estudio de Paremiología comparada. España: Sociedad Española de Estudios Literarios de Cultura Popular, Oceanide, 5

External links

The dictionary definition of archetype at Wiktionary

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Virology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of JC polyomavirus, BK polyomavirus, and other human polyomaviruses

English Journal

A first archetype of boron dipyrromethene-phthalocyanine pentad dye: design, synthesis, and photophysical and photochemical properties.

Göl C1, Malkoç M, Yeşilot S, Durmuş M.Author information 1Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 141, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey. durmus@gyte.edu.tr.AbstractA novel type of phthalocyanine pentad containing four boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) units at peripheral positions of the phthalocyanine framework has been designed and synthesized for the first time. The Sonogashira coupling reaction between 4,4'-difluoro-8-(4-ethynyl)-phenyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (Ethynyl-BODIPY) and 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrakis(iodo) zinc(ii) phthalocyanine (Iodo-Pc) has been used for the synthesis of the target compound. The BODIPY-phthalocyanine pentad dye (BODIPY-Pc) has been fully characterized by 1H NMR, MALDI-TOF mass, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis as well. The photoinduced energy transfer process for this dye system was explored in tetrahydrofuran solution. The singlet oxygen generation capability and photodegradation behaviours of this BODIPY-Pc pentad dye were also investigated in DMSO for the determination of the usability of this new type of dye system as a photosensitizer in PDT applications.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2014 Apr 3. [Epub ahead of print]
A novel type of phthalocyanine pentad containing four boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) units at peripheral positions of the phthalocyanine framework has been designed and synthesized for the first time. The Sonogashira coupling reaction between 4,4'-difluoro-8-(4-ethynyl)-phenyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-b
PMID 24695837

Genomic analysis of pandemic and post-pandemic influenza A pH1N1 viruses isolated in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Sant'anna FH1, Borges LG, Fallavena PR, Gregianini TS, Matias F, Halpin RA, Wentworth D, d'Azevedo PA, Veiga AB.Author information 1Graduate Program in Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 / sala 309-Centro, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil, fhsantanna@yahoo.com.br.AbstractDuring the 2009 influenza A pH1N1 pandemics in Brazil, the state that was most affected was Rio Grande do Sul (RS), with over 3,000 confirmed cases, including 298 deaths. While no cases were confirmed in 2010, 103 infections with 14 deaths by pH1N1 were reported in 2011. Genomic analysis of the circulating viruses is fundamental for understanding viral evolution and supporting vaccine development against these pathogens. This study investigated whole genomes of six pH1N1 virus isolates from pandemic and post-pandemic periods in RS, Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated genome segments demonstrated that at least two lineages of the virus co-circulated in RS during the 2009 pandemic period. Moreover, our analysis showed that the post-pandemic pH1N1 virus from 2011 constitutes a distinct clade whose ancestor belongs to clade 7. All six isolates contained amino acid substitutions in their proteins when compared to the archetype strains California/04/2009 and California/07/2009. The 2011 isolates contained more amino acid substitutions, and most of their genes were under purifying selection. Based on the amino acid substitutions in HA epitopes from strains isolated in RS, Brazil, in silico analysis predicted a decrease in vaccine efficacy against post-pandemic strains (median 31.562 %) in relation to pandemic ones (median 39.735 %).
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2014 Apr;159(4):621-30. doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1855-8. Epub 2013 Oct 10.
During the 2009 influenza A pH1N1 pandemics in Brazil, the state that was most affected was Rio Grande do Sul (RS), with over 3,000 confirmed cases, including 298 deaths. While no cases were confirmed in 2010, 103 infections with 14 deaths by pH1N1 were reported in 2011. Genomic analysis of the circ
PMID 24114147

Boronic acid chemistry in MALDI MS: a step forward in designing a reactive matrix with molecular recognition capabilities.

Monopoli A1, Calvano CD, Nacci A, Palmisano F.Author information 1Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Chemistry Dept., Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy. antomono@libero.it cosimadamiana.calvano@uniba.it.AbstractA boronic analogue of the archetype matrix α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) has been synthesised providing a new "reactive matrix" that possesses molecular recognition properties. This matrix selectively recognizes vic-diols, α-hydroxyacids, aminols and first allowed the detection of anions as fluoride (unaffordable by usual matrices).
Chemical communications (Cambridge, England).Chem Commun (Camb).2014 Mar 27;50(33):4322-4. doi: 10.1039/c4cc01185f.
A boronic analogue of the archetype matrix α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) has been synthesised providing a new "reactive matrix" that possesses molecular recognition properties. This matrix selectively recognizes vic-diols, α-hydroxyacids, aminols and first allowed the detection of anions a
PMID 24637894

Japanese Journal

二次創作作品の個別性と原作との同一性：映画Peter Panと原作Peter and Wendyを具現する仮構的原型（2）

黒田誠,Makoto KURODA
和洋女子大学紀要 = The journal of Wayo Women's University 55, 1-13, 2015-03-31
映画作品Peter Panを対象にして、原作の文学作品Peter and Wendyとの存在物としての同等性と差異性の判別条件となる諸要素を様々なシーンやストーリーの詳細項目の対比から抽出して、作品名の固有名詞概念に関する同一性判断の外延範囲の拡張を要求すると思われる存在論的主題を検証する。概念記述である観念小説と映像記述である映画作品の間の種々の位相変換の過程を辿ることにより、量子的多世界解釈に …
NAID 120005610236