For other uses, see Archetype (disambiguation).
An archetype ( /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/) is a universally understood symbol, term,[1] or pattern of behavior, a prototype upon which others are copied, patterned, or emulated. Archetypes are often used in myths and storytelling across different cultures.
In psychology, an archetype is a model of a person, personality, or behavior.
In philosophy, archetypes have, since Plato, referred to as ideal forms of the perceived or sensible objects or types.
In the analysis of personality, the term archetype is often broadly used to refer to:
- A stereotype— a personality type observed multiple times, especially an oversimplification of such a type.
- An epitome— a personality type exemplified, especially the "greatest" such example.
- A literary term to express details.
Archetype refers to a generic version of a personality. In this sense, "mother figure" may be considered an archetype, and may be identified in various characters with otherwise distinct (non-generic) personalities.
Archetypes are likewise supposed to have been present in folklore and literature for thousands of years, including prehistoric artwork. The use of archetypes to illuminate personality and literature was advanced by Carl Jung early in the 20th century, who suggested the existence of universal contentless forms that channel experiences and emotions, resulting in recognizable and typical patterns of behavior with certain probable outcomes. Archetypes are cited as important to both ancient mythology and modern narratives.
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Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Origins
- 3 Jungian archetypes
- 4 In pedagogy (teaching)
- 5 In literature and art
- 6 See also
- 7 References
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Etymology
First attested in English in 1540s,[2] the word archetype derives from the Latin noun archetypum, the latinisation of the Greek noun ἀρχέτυπον (archetupon) and adjective ἀρχέτυπος (archetupos), meaning "first-moulded",[3] which is a compound of ἀρχή (archē,) "beginning, origin"[4] + τύπος (tupos), amongst others "pattern, model, type".[5]
Pronunciation note: The "ch" in archetype is a transliteration of the Greek chi (χ) and is most commonly articulated in English as a "k".[6]
Origins
The origins of the archetypal hypothesis date back as far as Plato. In the seventeenth century Sir Thomas Browne and Francis Bacon both employ the word 'archetype' in their writings, Browne in The Garden of Cyrus attempts to depict archetypes in his citing of symbolic proper-names. Jung himself compared archetypes to Platonic ideas. Plato's ideas were pure mental forms that were imprinted in the soul before it was born into the world. They were collective in the sense that they embodied the fundamental characteristics of a thing rather than its specific peculiarities.
The Platonist Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria used the term to describe the Imago Dei, and the Gallic Christian theologian Irenaeus of Lyons used the term to describe the act of Creation.[7]
Jungian archetypes
Main article: Jungian archetypes
The concept of psychological archetypes was advanced by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, c. 1919. In Jung's psychological framework, archetypes are innate, universal prototypes for ideas and may be used to interpret observations. A group of memories and interpretations associated with an archetype is a complex ( e.g. a mother complex associated with the mother archetype). Jung treated the archetypes as psychological organs, analogous to physical ones in that both are morphological constructs that arose through evolution.[8]
Jung outlined five main archetypes:
- The Self, the regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation,
- The Shadow, the opposite of the ego image, often containing qualities with which the ego does not identify, but which it possesses nonetheless,
- The Anima, the feminine image in a man's psyche, or
- The Animus, the masculine image in a woman's psyche,
- The Persona, the image we present to the world, usually protecting the Ego from negative images (like a mask), and considered another of 'the subpersonalities, the complexes'.[9]
Although archetypes can take on innumerable forms, there are a few particularly notable, recurring archetypal images[citation needed]:
- The Child
- The Hero
- The Martyr
- The Great Mother
- The Wise old man or Sage
- The Wise Old Woman/Man, archetypes of the collective unconscious
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- The Damsel in distress
- The Trickster or Fox
- The Devil or Satan
- The Scarecrow
- The Mentor
- The Warrior
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Jung also outlined what he called archetypes of transformation, which are situations, places, ways, and means that symbolize the transformation in question. These archetypes exist primarily as energy and are useful in organizational development, personal and organizational change management, and extensively used in place branding.
In pedagogy (teaching)
Clifford Mayes (born July 15, 1953), professor in the Brigham Young University McKay School of Education, has developed what he has termed archetypal pedagogy. Mayes' work also aims at promoting what he calls archetypal reflectivity in teachers; this is a means of encouraging teachers to examine and work with psychodynamic issues, images, and assumptions, as those factors affect their pedagogical practices. Archetypal reflectivity, which draws not only upon Jungian psychology but transpersonal psychology, generally offers an avenue for teachers to probe the spiritual dimensions of teaching and learning in non-dogmatic terms.
In the USA, Mayes' two most recent works, Inside Education: Depth Psychology in Teaching and Learning (2007) and The Archetypal Hero's Journey in Teaching and Learning: A Study in Jungian Pedagogy (2008), incorporate the psychoanalytic theories of Heinz Kohut (particularly Kohut's notion of the selfobject) and the object relations theory of Ronald Fairbairn and D.W. Winnicott. Some of Mayes' work in curriculum theory, especially Seven Curricular Landscapes: An Approach to the Holistic Curriculum (2003) and Understanding the Whole Student: Holistic Multicultural Education (2007), is concerned with holistic education.
In literature and art
Main article: Archetypal literary criticism
Archetypes can be found in nearly all forms of literature, with their motifs being predominantly rooted in folklore.
William Butler Yeats completed an automatic writing with his wife (Georgie) Hyde-Lees. Their book, A Vision, contains an interesting mapping and list of 28 archetypes by these characters' will and fate. Tarot cards depict a system of archetypes used for divination of a persons' fate or story.[citation needed] In the Noh plays of Japan, the characters are skillfully depicted with exaggerated expressions and elaborate costumes to clearly portray a system of archetypes.
William Shakespeare is responsible for popularizing several archetypal characters. Falstaff, the bawdy rotund comic knight; Romeo and Juliet, the ill-fated ("star-crossed") lovers; Richard II, the hero who dies with honour; and many others. Although Shakespeare based many of his characters on existing archetypes from fables and myths (e.g., Romeo and Juliet on Arthur Brooke's Romeus and Juliet), Shakespeare's characters stand out as original by their contrast against a complex social literary landscape. For instance, in The Tempest, Shakespeare borrowed from a manuscript by William Strachey that detailed an actual shipwreck of the Virginia-bound 17th-century English sailing vessel Sea Venture in 1609 on the islands of Bermuda. Shakespeare also borrowed heavily from a speech by Medea in Ovid's Metamorphoses in writing Prospero's renunciative speech; nevertheless, the combination of these elements in the character of Prospero created a new interpretation of the sage magician as that of a carefully plotting hero, quite distinct from the wizard-as-advisor archetype of Merlin or Gandalf. Both of these are likely derived from priesthood authority archetypes, such as Celtic Druids, or perhaps Biblical figures like Abraham, Moses, etc.; or in the case of Gandalf, the Norse figure Odin.
Certain common methods of character depiction employed in dramatic performance rely on the pre-existence of literary archetypes. Stock characters used in theatre or film are based on highly generic literary archetypes. A pastiche is an imitation of an archetype or prototype in order to pay homage to the original creator.
Sheri Tepper's novel Plague of Angels contains archetypical villages, essentially human zoos where a wide variety of archetypal people are kept, including heroes, orphans, oracles, ingénues, bastards, young lovers, poets, princesses, martyrs, and fools.
Similarly, the song "Atlantis" by the folk singer Donovan mentions twelve archetypal characters leaving the sinking Atlantis and spreading to the far corners of the world to bring civilization, though only five of the twelve are mentioned in the song:
Knowing her fate, Atlantis sent out ships to all corners of the Earth.
On board were the Twelve:
The poet, the physician, the farmer, the scientist, the magician,
And the other so-called Gods of our legends,
Though Gods they were.
The superhero genre is also frequently cited as emblematic of archetypal literature.
The young, flawed, and brooding antihero Spider-Man became the most widely imitated archetype in the superhero genre since the appearance of Superman and Batman.
—Bradford W. Wright, Comic Book Nation: The transformation of Youth Culture in America 212
—Superman on the Couch by Danny Fingeroth 151
See also
- Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism
- Character (arts)
- Cliché
- Mental model
- Ostensive definition
- Perennial philosophy
- Personification
- Prototype
- Simulacrum
- System Archetypes
- Theory of Forms
- Wounded healer
References
- ^ Definition of 'archetype'
- ^ Douglas Harper. "Online Etymology Dictionary - Archetype". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=archetype&searchmode=none.
- ^ ἀρχέτυπος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ ἀρχή, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ τύπος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ "Pronunciation Challenges: Confusions and Controversy". http://www.bartleby.com/64/C007/045.html#CH.
- ^ Harrison, Charles (2003). Art in theory, 1900 - 2000: an anthology of changing ideas. Blackwell Publishng. p. 379. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-631-22705-5|0-631-22705-5]]. http://books.google.com/books?id=SWu4SB92fHMC&pg=PA379&lpg=PA379&dq=Philo+Judaeus+and+archetype#v=onepage&q=Philo%20Judaeus%20and%20archetype&f=false.
- ^ Boeree, C. George. "Carl Jung". Archived from the original on 6 February 2006. http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/jung.html. Retrieved 2006-03-09.
- ^ Murray Stein, Jung's Map of the Soul (1998) p. 106
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Appropriation in the arts
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| By field |
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In music
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- Appropriation (music)
- Contrafact
- Cover version
- Interpolation (music)
- List of musical medleys
- Mashup (music)
- Musical plagiarism
- Musical quotation
- Parody music
- Pasticcio
- Plunderphonics
- Potpourri (music)
- DJ mix
- Quodlibet
- Remix
- Sampling (music)
- Sound collage
- Trope (music)
- Variation (music)
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Literature, theatre
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- Assemblage (composition)
- Cut-up technique
- Hack (comedy)
- Joke thievery
- Pastiche
- Trope (literature)
- Found poetry
- Verbatim theatre
- Signifyin(g)
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Painting, Comics,
Photography
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- Collage
- Swipe (comics)
- Comic strip switcheroo
- Photographic mosaic
- Combine painting
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Cinema, TV,
videos
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- Mashup (video)
- Re-cut trailer
- TV format
- Found footage
- Remake
- Parody film
- Collage film
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Standard
blocks and forms |
- Jazz standard
- Stock character
- Plot device
- Dramatic structure
- Formula fiction
- Monomyth
- Archetype
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| General concepts |
- Imitation (art)
- Plagiarism
- Reprise
- Détournement
- Adaptation (Film adaptation
- Theatrical adaptation
- Literary adaptation)
- Source criticism in the arts
- Parody
- Quotation
- Homage
- Citation
- Allusion
- Derivative work
- Bricolage
- Assemblage (art)
- Found art
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Related
artistic concepts |
- Originality
- Artistic inspiration
- Afflatus
- Genius (literature)
- Genre
- Genre studies
- Parody advertisement
- In-joke
- Tribute act
- Fan fiction
- Simulacrum
- Intertextuality
- Archetypal literary criticism
- Readymades of Marcel Duchamp
- Anti-art
- Pop art
- Aesthetic interpretation
- Western canon
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Epoch-marking
works |
- L.H.O.O.Q. (1919)
- Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote (1939)
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| Theorization |
- Mimesis
- Dionysian imitatio
- De Copia Rerum
- Romantic movement
- Russian formalism
- Modernist movement
- Postmodern movement
- Palimpsests: literature in the second degree
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Related non
artistic concepts |
- Cultural appropriation
- Appropriation (sociology)
- Articulation (sociology)
- Trope (linguistics)
- Academic dishonesty
- Authorship
- Genius
- Intellectual property
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