WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response
a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates the secretion of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas and bile ducts whenever the stomach empties too much acid into the small intestine

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
抗体,免疫体,抗毒素

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1. BおよびTリンパ球の正常な発生 normal b and t lymphocyte development
2. 体液性免疫応答 the humoral immune response
3. 進行腎細胞癌または転移性腎細胞癌に対する抗血管新生療法および分子標的療法 anti angiogenic and molecularly targeted therapy for advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma
4. ALK陽性未分化大細胞型リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma alk positive
5. 卵巣の性索間質腫瘍：顆粒膜-間質細胞腫瘍 sex cord stromal tumors of the ovary granulosa stromal cell tumors

English Journal

The Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway involves in the homeostasis of hepatic Tregs in a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced hepatitis.

Ju Y1, Shang X1, Liu Z1, Zhang J1, Li Y1, Shen Y1, Liu Y1, Liu C1, Liu B2, Xu L3, Wang Y1, Zhang B4, Zou J5.Author information 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.2Department of Center Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.3Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital of Zhoushan, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, PR China.4Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China. Electronic address: zhangbingchangb@163.com.5Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China. Electronic address: zoujianwen36@163.com.AbstractT cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) is a negative regulator of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting CD4(+) Th1 cells and plays a key role in autoimmune diseases. Here, we report that galectin-9 expression was increased in hepatic CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in a mouse model of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. Moreover, Tim-3 showed increased levels in CD4(+)CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Further analyses showed that blocking the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway resulted in the suppression of Tregs in vitro, thereby significantly increasing interferon (IFN)-γ production from hepatic Teffs. Moreover, blockade of Tim-3 in vivo with an anti-Tim-3 antibody exacerbated the acute hepatitis, possibly by increased IFN-γ production. Furthermore, we found that in vitro activation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells with the T cell receptor (TCR) plus interleukin 2 (IL-2) up-regulated Tim-3 expression. And the induced Tim-3 interacted with galectin-9 to induce CD4(+) T cell apoptosis which could be partly reversed by blocking Tim-3 signaling. Our results suggested that the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway plays a critical role in the homeostasis of hepatic Tregs through the elimination induction in Teffs and the inhibition of IFN-γ release, which contributes to the pathogenesis of liver damage and constitutes at least part of the mechanism underlying the induction of hepatitis by Con A.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2014 Mar;58(1):85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.001. Epub 2013 Dec 10.
T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) is a negative regulator of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting CD4(+) Th1 cells and plays a key role in autoimmune diseases. Here, we report that galectin-9 expression was increased in hepatic CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in a mouse model of c
PMID 24333756

Recognition of new citrulline-containing peptide epitopes by autoantibodies produced in vivo and in vitro by B cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Szarka E, Babos F, Magyar A, Huber K, Szittner Z, Papp K, Prechl J, Pozsgay J, Neer Z, Adori M, Nagy G, Rojkovich B, Gáti T, Kelemen J, Baka Z, Brózik M, Pazár B, Poór G, Hudecz F, Sármay G.Author information Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.AbstractAnti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibodies (ACPAs) are highly sensitive and specific markers of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Identification of peptide epitopes that may detect different subgroups of RA patients might have diagnostic and prognostic significance. We have investigated citrulline- and arginine-containing peptide pairs derived from filaggrin, collagen or vimentin, and compared this citrulline-peptide panel with the serological assays conventionally used to detect ACPAs. Furthermore, we studied if the same citrulline-peptides identify antibody-secreting cells in in vitro cultures of RA B cells. Recognition of citrulline- and arginine-containing filaggrin, vimentin and collagen peptide epitopes were tested by Multipin ELISA system, by indirect ELISA and by a peptide-specific microarray. B cells were purified from blood by negative selection; antibody-producing cells were enumerated by ELISPOT assay. The panel composed of citrulline-peptide epitopes of filaggrin, collagen and vimentin was recognized by RA sera with a sensitivity and specificity comparable with the currently used tests. Moreover, the combined citrulline-peptide panel including the new short epitope peptide of filaggrin, fil311-315, also identified nearly one-third of RA cases that were negative for antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides, mutated citrullinated vimentin or for rheumatoid factor. The results with the peptide-specific microarray have shown that although most ACPAs recognizing the four citrulline peptides are IgG, some of them specifically recognizing citrulline-containing filaggrin peptides (fil311-315 and fil306-326) are IgM, and so may be produced either by newly formed activated B cells or by unswitched B memory cells. Furthermore, the citrulline-peptides of filaggrin and vimentin detect ACPA-producing cells, and so could also be applied to study the B cells of RA patients.
Immunology.Immunology.2014 Feb;141(2):181-91. doi: 10.1111/imm.12175.
Anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibodies (ACPAs) are highly sensitive and specific markers of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Identification of peptide epitopes that may detect different subgroups of RA patients might have diagnostic and prognostic significance. We have investigated citrulline- and
PMID 24116744

Myeloid cells limit production of antibody-secreting cells after immunization in the lymph node.

Fooksman DR, Nussenzweig MC, Dustin ML.Author information Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;AbstractAb-secreting cell (ASC) expansion and survival are important processes in optimizing vaccines and controlling autoimmunity. The microenvironment of the medullary cords is positioned to control these key processes. Previously, we imaged and characterized ASC differentiation and migration by intravital microscopy in the lymph node (LN) by transferring and activating B cells expressing yellow fluorescent protein only in the ASC compartment. In this study, we observed that yellow fluorescent protein(+) ASCs in the medullary cords migrated along myelomonocytic cells and arrested in contact with them. Acute ablation of myeloid cells using the human diphtheria receptor system (diphtheria toxin receptor [DTR]) expressed in Lysmd1-cre-positive cells increased ASC and Ab production by 2-fold. Increases in ASC numbers were associated with cell proliferation based on Ki-67 staining, rather than reduced apoptosis, or changes in egress from the LN. Using DTR-mediated ablation targeted to Ccr2-expressing myeloid cells also generated increases in ASCs. In contrast, neither the depletion of Gr-1-positive cells with an Ab nor the ablation of cells using a cd11c-DTR resulted in any change in ASCs. IL-6 cytokine signaling can enhance ASC production and has been implicated in dampening ASCs in lupus mouse models through myeloid cells. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we observed that IL-6 enhances ASC production, but IL-6 production was not required by myeloid cells to dampen ASCs in the LN. Inhibition of ASCs by these myeloid cells in the LN provides a new regulatory mechanism with implications for tuning Ab responses.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2014 Feb 1;192(3):1004-12. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300977. Epub 2013 Dec 27.
Ab-secreting cell (ASC) expansion and survival are important processes in optimizing vaccines and controlling autoimmunity. The microenvironment of the medullary cords is positioned to control these key processes. Previously, we imaged and characterized ASC differentiation and migration by intravita
PMID 24376270

Japanese Journal

Rituximab が有効であった難治性特発性血小板減少性紫斑病

棚井千春,壹岐聖子,中原史雄,飯島喜美子,臼杵憲祐,桑名正隆,浦部晶夫
臨床血液 = The Japanese Journal of Clinical Hematology 45(11), 1181-1186, 2004-11-30
NAID 10014042969

Antigen-specific immunoglobulin A antibodies secreted from circulating B cells are an effective marker for recent local immune responses in patients with cholera : comparison to antibody-secreting cell responses and other immunological markers