WordNet

(mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; "every action has an equal and opposite reaction"
a response that reveals a persons feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audiences reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mothers reaction when she saw the broken lamp"
a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent; "a bad reaction to the medicine"; "his responses have slowed with age" (同)response
doing something in opposition to another way of doing it that you dont like; "his style of painting was a reaction against cubism"
an idea evoked by some experience; "his reaction to the news was to start planning what to do"
extreme conservatism in political or social matters; "the forces of reaction carried the election"
of or relating to anamnesis; aiding the memory

PrepTutorEJDIC

{名}(…に対する)『反応』《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…に対する)(政治的・社会的な)『反動』,逆コース《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉化学反応,化学変化 / 〈U〉〈C〉(物理学で)反作用

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 急性輸血反応が疑われる患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with a suspected acute transfusion reaction
2. 薬物アレルギー：分類および臨床的特徴 drug allergy classification and clinical features
3. 分子標的剤およびその他の生物製剤を用いた癌治療による皮膚合併症 cutaneous complications of molecularly targeted therapy and other biologic agents used for cancer therapy
4. 免疫学的輸血反応 immunologic blood transfusion reactions
5. 輸血関連の免疫性および非免疫性溶血 transfusion associated immune and non immune mediated hemolysis

English Journal

Ruxolitinib and Tofacitinib Are Potent and Selective Inhibitors of HIV-1 Replication and Virus Reactivation In Vitro.

Gavegnano C1, Detorio M, Montero C, Bosque A, Planelles V, Schinazi RF.Author information 1Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.AbstractThe JAK-STAT pathway is activated in both macrophages and lymphocytes upon human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and thus represents an attractive cellular target to achieve HIV suppression and reduced inflammation, which may impact virus sanctuaries. Ruxolitinib and tofacitinib are JAK1/2 inhibitors that are FDA approved for rheumatoid arthritis and myelofibrosis, respectively, but their therapeutic application for treatment of HIV infection was unexplored. Both drugs demonstrated submicromolar inhibition of infection with HIV-1, HIV-2, and a simian-human immunodeficiency virus, RT-SHIV, across primary human or rhesus macaque lymphocytes and macrophages, with no apparent significant cytotoxicity at 2 to 3 logs above the median effective antiviral concentration. Combination of tofacitinib and ruxolitinib increased the efficacy by 53- to 161-fold versus that observed for monotherapy, respectively, and each drug applied alone to primary human lymphocytes displayed similar efficacy against HIV-1 containing various polymerase substitutions. Both drugs inhibited virus replication in lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) plus interleukin-2 (IL-2), but not PHA alone, and inhibited reactivation of latent HIV-1 at low-micromolar concentrations across the J-Lat T cell latency model and in primary human central memory lymphocytes. Thus, targeted inhibition of JAK provided a selective, potent, and novel mechanism to inhibit HIV-1 replication in lymphocytes and macrophages, replication of drug-resistant HIV-1, and reactivation of latent HIV-1 and has the potential to reset the immunologic milieu in HIV-infected individuals.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2014 Apr;58(4):1977-86. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02496-13. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
The JAK-STAT pathway is activated in both macrophages and lymphocytes upon human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and thus represents an attractive cellular target to achieve HIV suppression and reduced inflammation, which may impact virus sanctuaries. Ruxolitinib and tofacitinib are
PMID 24419350

Tissue distribution and dependence of responsiveness of human antigen-specific memory B cells.

Giesecke C1, Frölich D, Reiter K, Mei HE, Wirries I, Kuhly R, Killig M, Glatzer T, Stölzel K, Perka C, Lipsky PE, Dörner T.Author information 1Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;AbstractMemory B cells (mBCs) are a key to immunologic memory, yet their distribution within lymphoid organs and the individual role of these for mBC functionality remain largely unknown. This study characterized the distribution and phenotype of human (Ag-specific) mBCs in peripheral blood (PB), spleen, tonsil, and bone marrow. We found that the spleen harbors most mBCs, followed by tonsils, BM, and PB, and we detected no major differences in expression of markers associated with higher maturity. Testing the distribution of tetanus toxoid-specific (TT(+)) mBCs revealed their presence in PB during steady state, yet absolute numbers suggested their largest reservoir in the spleen, followed by tonsils. To explore the role of both tissues in the maintenance of reactive B cell memory, we revaccinated controls and splenectomized and tonsillectomized individuals with TT. All donor groups exhibited comparable emergence of anti-TT IgG, TT(+) plasma cells, and TT(+) mBCs in the PB, together with similar molecular characteristics of TT(+) plasma cells. In summary, human mBCs recirculate through PB and reside in different lymphoid organs that do not reflect different mBC maturity stages. The spleen and tonsil, although harboring the largest number of overall and TT(+) mBCs, appear to be dispensable to preserve adequate responsiveness to secondary antigenic challenge.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2014 Apr 1;192(7):3091-100. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302783. Epub 2014 Feb 24.
Memory B cells (mBCs) are a key to immunologic memory, yet their distribution within lymphoid organs and the individual role of these for mBC functionality remain largely unknown. This study characterized the distribution and phenotype of human (Ag-specific) mBCs in peripheral blood (PB), spleen, to
PMID 24567530