n.

成人、成体、大人

adj.

成体型の、成人型の、大人の、成人性の

関: adult human、adult type

WordNet

any mature animal
a fully developed person from maturity onward (同)grownup
(of animals) fully developed; "an adult animal"; "a grown woman" (同)big, full-grown, fully grown, grown, grownup
making impure or corrupt by adding extraneous materials; "the adulterating effect of extraneous materials" (同)adulterant

PrepTutorEJDIC

『おとなの』,成人した,成熟した / 成人向きの / 『おとな』,成人

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/24 19:00:46」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Adult (disambiguation).

A group of adult people.

Biologically, an adult is a human being or other organism that is of reproductive age (sexual maturity). In human context, the term adult additionally has meanings associated with social and legal concepts; for example, a legal adult is a legal concept for a person who has attained the age of majority and is therefore regarded as independent, self-sufficient, and responsible (contrast with "minor"). In addition, human adulthood encompasses psychological adult development.

Definitions of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory; a person may be biologically an adult, and have adult behavior but still be treated as a child if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely, one may legally be an adult but possess none of the maturity and responsibility that may define adult character.

An event relating to the oncoming of adulthood is coming of age, which encompasses passing a series of tests to demonstrate that a person is prepared for adulthood, or reaching a specified age, sometimes in conjunction with demonstrating preparation. Most modern societies determine legal adulthood based on reaching a legally specified age without requiring a demonstration of physical maturity or preparation for adulthood.

Some propose that moving into adulthood involves an emotional structuring of denial, suggesting this process becomes necessary to cope with one's own behavior, especially in uncomfortable situations, and also the behavior of others.^{[citation needed]}

Biological adulthood[edit]

Historically and cross-culturally, adulthood has been determined primarily by the start of puberty (the appearance of secondary sex characteristics such as menstruation in women, ejaculation in men, and pubic hair in both sexes). In the past, a person usually moved from the status of child directly to the status of adult, often with this shift being marked by some type of coming-of-age test or ceremony.^[1]

After the social construct of adolescence was created, adulthood split into two forms: biological adulthood and social adulthood. Thus, there are now two primary forms of adults: biological adults (people who have attained reproductive ability, are fertile, or who evidence secondary sex characteristics) and social adults (people who are recognized by their culture and/or law as being adults). Depending on the context, adult can indicate either definition.

Although few or no established dictionaries provide a definition for the two word term biological adult, the first definition of adult in multiple dictionaries includes "the stage of the life cycle of an animal after reproductive capacity has been attained".^[2]^[3] Thus, the base definition of the word adult is the period beginning at puberty. Although this is the primary definition of the base word adult, the two word term biological adult stresses or clarifies that the original definition, based on the beginning of puberty, is being used (that is, the organism has matured to the biologically important point of being able to reproduce).

Puberty and therefore biological adulthood generally begins around 10 or 11 years of age for girls and 11 or 12 years of age for boys, though this will vary from person to person.^[4]^[5] Because the term adult is most often used without the adjective social or biological, and since the term is frequently used to refer to social adults, some writers have taken the meaning of the two word phrase biological adult to begin at the end of physical maturation rather than the onset of puberty.

Legal adulthood[edit]

Main article: Age of majority

Legally, adulthood means that one can engage in a contract. The same or a different minimum age may be applicable to, for example, parents losing parenting rights and duties regarding the person concerned, parents losing financial responsibility, marriage, voting, having a job, serving in the military, buying/possessing firearms (if legal at all), driving, traveling abroad, involvement with alcoholic beverages (if legal at all), smoking, sex, gambling (both lottery and casino) being a prostitute or a client of a prostitute (if legal at all), being a model or actor in pornography, running for President etc. Admission of a young person to a place may be restricted because of danger for that person, concern that the place may lead the person to immoral behavior, and/or because of the risk that the young person causes damage (for example, at an exhibition of fragile items).

One can distinguish the legality of acts of a young person, and of enabling a young person to carry out that act, by selling, renting out, showing, permitting entrance, participating, etc. There may be distinction between commercially and socially enabling. Sometimes there is the requirement of supervision by a legal guardian, or just by an adult. Sometimes there is no requirement, but just a recommendation.

With regard to pornography one can distinguish:

being allowed inside an adult establishment
being allowed to purchase pornography
being allowed to possess pornography
another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person pornography, see disseminating pornography to a minor
being a pornographic actor: rules for the young person, and for other people, regarding production, possession, etc. (see child pornography)

With regard to films with violence, etc.:

another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person a film, a cinema being allowed to let a young person (under 18) enter

The legal definition of entering adulthood usually varies between ages 16–21, depending on the region in question. Some cultures in Africa define adult at age 13.

According to Jewish tradition, adulthood is reached at age 13 (the minimal age of the Bar Mitzvah), for Jewish boys, for example, are expected to demonstrate preparation for adulthood by learning the Torah and other Jewish practices. The Christian Bible and Jewish scripture has no age requirement for adulthood or marrying, which includes engaging in sexual activity. The age of consent for sexual relations in the Vatican was previously 12, but the law stating this is not valid any more.^[6]
The 1983 Code of Canon Law states, "A man before he has completed his sixteenth year of age, and likewise a woman before she has completed her fourteenth year of age, cannot enter a valid marriage".^[7] According to The Disappearance of Childhood by Neil Postman, the Christian Church of the Middle Ages considered the age of accountability, when a person could be tried and even executed as an adult, to be age 7.

In most of the world, including most of the United States, parts of the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Wales), India and China, the legal adult age is 18 (historically 21) for most purposes, with some notable exceptions:

The United Kingdom: Scotland and the Netherlands (16)
British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Yukon Territory in Canada; Nebraska and Alabama in The United States, and South Korea (19)
Indonesia and Japan (20)

References[edit]

^ Maranz Henig, Robin (2010-08-18). "What Is It About 20-Somethings?". New York Times. p. 10. Retrieved 2010-09-24. "THE DISCOVERY OF adolescence is generally dated to 1904, with the publication of the massive study “Adolescence,” by G. Stanley Hall, a prominent psychologist and first president of the American Psychological Association."
^ International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology (1986)
^ Churchill’s Medical Dictionary (1989)
^ (Chumlea, 1982).
^ "For girls, puberty begins around 10 or 11 years of age and ends around age 16. Boys enter puberty later than girls-usually around 12 years of age-and it lasts until around age 16 or 17." "Teenage Growth & Development: 11 to 14 Years". pamf.org.
^ http://nzconservative.blogspot.se/2009/10/vatican-city-and-age-of-consent.html
^ canon 1083, §1

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 健康成人における予防接種に対するアプローチ approach to immunizations in healthy adults
2. 感染症を繰り返す成人に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with recurrent infections
3. 貧血を有する成人患者に対するアプローチ approach to the adult patient with anemia
4. 発展途上国における成人の急性下痢に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in developing countries
5. 成人における季節性インフルエンザワクチン seasonal influenza vaccination in adults

English Journal

Nose-to-brain transport of aerosolised quantum dots following acute exposure.

Hopkins LE, Patchin ES, Chiu PL, Brandenberger C, Smiley-Jewell S, Pinkerton KE.SourceCenter for Health and the Environment, University of California , Davis, CA , USA.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Dec;8:885-93. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.842267.
Abstract Nanoparticles are of wide interest due to their potential use for diverse commercial applications. Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals possessing unique optical and electrical properties. Although QDs are commonly made of cadmium, a metal known to have neurological effects, po
PMID 24040866

Dynamics of sterols and fatty acids during UV-B treatment of oyster mushroom.

Krings U, Berger RG.SourceInstitut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: krings@lci.uni-hannover.de.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Apr 15;149:10-4. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.064. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
Fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus were illuminated with UV-B with a light intensity maximum at 310-320nm and 11.5W/m(2) for 60min at 20°C. Changes of the sterol and fatty acid spectrum were quantified. The onset of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) formation was immediate in frui
PMID 24295670

microRNA profiles in coeliac patients distinguish different clinical phenotypes and are modulated by gliadin peptides in primary duodenal fibroblasts.

Vaira V, Roncoroni L, Barisani D, Gaudioso G, Bosari S, Bulfamante G, Doneda L, Conte D, Tomba C, Bardella MT, Ferrero S, Locatelli M, Elli L.Source*Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Mar 1;126(6):417-23. doi: 10.1042/CS20130248.
CD (coeliac disease) is a frequent autoimmune disorder of the small bowel, which is characterized by an immunological reaction against gluten and transglutaminase in genetically predisposed subjects. However, the molecular determinants underpinning CD pathogenesis are yet to be fully elucidated and
PMID 24063611

Hypoxia activates muscle-restricted coiled-coil protein (MURC) expression via transforming growth factor-β in cardiac myocytes.

Shyu KG, Cheng WP, Wang BW, Chang H.Source*Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Mar 1;126(5):367-75. doi: 10.1042/CS20130260.
The expression of MURC (muscle-restricted coiled-coil protein), a hypertrophy-regulated gene, increases during pressure overload. Hypoxia can cause myocardial hypertrophy; however, how hypoxia affects the regulation of MURC in cardiomyocytes undergoing hypertrophy is still unknown. The aim of the pr
PMID 24001173

Japanese Journal

Developmental changes in melanophores and their asymmetrical responsiveness to melanin-concentrating hormone during metamorphosis in barfin flounder (Verasper moseri).

Yoshikawa Naoki,Matsuda Taihei,Takahashi Akiyoshi,Tagawa Masatomo
General and comparative endocrinology 194, 118-123, 2013-09-21
… Larval-type melanophores appeared on both sides of the body before metamorphosis, whereas adult-type melanophores appeared only on the ocular side after metamorphosis. … On the ocular side, larval-type melanophores aggregated against MCH during larval stages, while, in the larvae at later metamorphic stages and in juveniles, larval-type melanophores did not aggregate, although aggregation of adult-type melanophores was noted. …
NAID 120005341898

Development of Adult T-cell Leukemia in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Tocilizumab

Nakamura Hideki,Ueki Yukitaka,Saito Shigeki,Horai Yoshiro,Suzuki Takahisa,Naoe Tomoki,Eguchi Katsumi,Kawakami Atsushi
Internal Medicine 52(17), 1983-1986, 2013-09-01
… The patient was an human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) carrier, and, in April 2011, a peripheral blood smear showed many atypical lymphocytes, thus leading to a diagnosis of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). …
NAID 120005341840

DECREASE IN THE BODY MASS OF WILD RINGTAILED LEMURS AT BERENTY RESERVE IN MADAGASCAR WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Shin'ichiro ICHINO (1)Kaoru CHATANI (2)Yoshi KAWAMOTO (1)Hiroki SATO (3)Anna SCHNÖLL (4)Takayo SOMA (3)Mitsuru AIMI (1)Yukio TAKAHATA (6)
African study monographs 34(2), 109-118, 2013-08-31
… In 2006, the adult females had decreased from 2.27 kg to 1.98 kg, and the adultmales from 2.22 kg to 2.03 kg. … In 2011, the body mass of both adult males and females was still1.99 kg. … Despite their reduced body mass,adult females maintained a high birth rate (73.0% annually), but infant mortality was very high(86.2%) from 2006 to 2011. …
NAID 110009613680

Oral administration of an HSP90 inhibitor, 17-DMAG, intervenes tumor-cell infiltration into multiple organs and improves survival period for ATL model mice

Ikebe Emi,Kawaguchi Akira,Tezuka K,Taguchi S,Hirose S,Matsumoto Takashi,Mitsui Takahiro,Senba K,Nishizono Akira,Hori Mitsuo,Hasegawa Hiroo,Yamada Y,Ueno T,Tanaka Yuetsu,Sawa H,Hall William W.,Minami Yasufumi,Jeang K. T.,Ogata Masao,Morishita K,Hasegawa Hideki,Fujisawa J,Iha Hidekatsu
Blood Cancer Journal 3(8), e132, 2013-08-16
… In the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from the carriers of the human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) or the patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB)-mediated antiapoptotic signals are constitutively activated primarily by the HTLV-1-encoded oncoprotein Tax. …
NAID 120005328271

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「成人」「成人型」「大人」「成体」「成人性」
拡張検索	「young adulthood」「adult rat」「adult disease」「adult illness」