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Trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pitvipers found in Asia from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China and the Pacific Islands. Currently 35 species are recognized.^[2] Common names include Asian pit vipers,^[3] Asian lanceheads and Asian lance-headed vipers.^[4]

Description

Most are relatively small, primarily arboreal species, with thin bodies and prehensile tails. They are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange or red markings. Sometimes gold.

Feeding

Their diet includes a variety of other animals, including rodents, lizards, amphibians and birds.

Reproduction

Like most viper species, many of the species in the genus Trimeresurus are ovoviviparous, bearing live young. However, some species such as T. flavoviridis, T. gramineus, T. kaulbacki, and T. macrolepis are oviparous, lay eggs. Also, the reproductive biology of some Trimeresurus species is as yet unknown.

Venom

Their venom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans. One nickname for this snake among locals is "100 pace snake" in reference to the legend that, once bitten, a person can walk 100 more steps before dropping dead.

Geographic range

Southeast Asia from India to southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor.^[1]

Species

Species^[2]	Taxon author^[2]	Subsp.*^[2]	Common name^[5]	Geographic range^[1]
T. albolabris	Gray, 1842	2	White-lipped pitviper	India (Assam), Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, southern China (Fukien, Hainan, Kwangsi, Kwangtung), Hong Kong, West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Madoera, Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Sumba, Roti, Timor, Kisar, Wetar).
T. borneensis	(W. Peters, 1872)	0	Bornean pitviper	Indonesia: Borneo.
T. brongersmai	Hoge, 1969	0	Brongersma's pitviper	Indonesia: Simalur Island.
T. cantori	(Blyth, 1846)	0	Cantor's pitviper	India: Nicobar Islands, and possibly the Andaman Islands.
T. cornutus	M.A. Smith, 1930	0	Fan-Si-Pan horned pitviper	Vietnam: Bach Ma and Tonkin. Occurs in rainforests at low elevations. Also in central Vietnam.^[5]
T. elegans	(Gray, 1849)	0	Elegant pitviper	Japan: southern Ryukyu Islands.
T. erythrurus	(Cantor, 1839)	0	Red-tailed bamboo pitviper	India (Assam and Sikkim), Bangladesh and Myanmar.
T. fasciatus	(Boulenger, 1896)	0	Banded pitviper	Indonesia: Djampea Island.
T. flavomaculatus	(Gray, 1842)	2	Philippine pitviper	Philippine Islands: Agutayan, Batan, Camiguin, Catanduanes, Dinagat, Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros and Polillo.
T. flavoviridis	(Hallowell, 1861)	0	Habu	Japan: Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa and Amami Islands).
T. gracilis	Ōshima, 1920	0	Kikushi habu	Central Taiwan.
T. gramineus^T	(Shaw, 1802)	0	Bamboo pitviper	Southern India.
T. hageni	(Lidth de Jeude, 1886)	0	Hagen's pitviper	Peninsular Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra and the nearby islands of Bangka, Simalur, Nias, Batu and the Mentawai Islands.
T. insularis	(Giannasi et al., 2001)	0	White-lipped Island Pit Viper	Eastern Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Komodo, Rinco, Flores, Adonara, Lembata, Pantar, Alor, Roti, Semau, Timor, Wetar, Kisar and Romang.
T. jerdonii	Günther, 1875	2	Jerdon's pitviper	India (Assam) through northern Myanmar to Tibet, China (Hupeh, Szechwan and Yunnan) and Vietnam.
T. kanburiensis	M.A. Smith, 1943	0	Kanburi pitviper	Thailand.
T. karanshahi	Orlov & Helfenberger, 1997	0		Central Nepal in the Himalayas.
T. kaulbacki	M.A. Smith, 1940	0	Kaulback's lance-headed pitviper	Myanmar.
T. labialis	Steindachner, 1867	0	Nicobar bamboo pitviper	India: Nicobar Islands.
T. macrolepis	Beddome, 1862	0	Large-scaled pitviper	The mountains of southern India.
T. macrops	Kramer, 1977	0	Large-eyed pitviper	Thailand, Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
T. malabaricus	(Jerdon, 1854)	0	Malabar rock pitviper	Southern and western India at 600-2,000 m elevation.
T. mangshanensis	Zhao, 1990	0	Mangshan pitviper	China: Hunan Province.
T. maolanensis	Yang, Orlov & Wang, 2011^[6]	0		China: Guizhou
T. medoensis	Zhao, 1977	0	Motuo bamboo pitviper	Northern India, northern Myanmar and China (southeastern Xizang).
T. mucrosquamatus	(Cantor, 1839)	0	Brown spotted pitviper	India (Assam) and Bangladesh to Myanmar, China (Fukien, Kwangshi, Kwantung and Szechwan) and Taiwan.
T. phuketensis	Sumontha, Kunya, S.G. Pauwels, Nitikul & Punnadee, 2011 ^[7]	0	Phuket pitviper	Thailand: Phuket Island.
T. popeorum	M.A. Smith, 1937	2	Pope's bamboo pitviper	Northern India, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia (Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands of Siberut, Sipora and North Pagai, and on the island of Borneo).
T. puniceus	(Kuhl, 1824)	0	Flat-nosed pitviper	Southern Thailand, West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) and Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands of Siberut and North Pagai, Simalur and Java.
T. purpureomaculatus	(Gray, 1832)	1	Mangrove pit viper	India (Assam and the Andaman Islands), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra).
T. schultzei	Griffin, 1909	0	Schultze's pitviper	Philippines: Palawan and Balabac.
T. stejnegeri	Schmidt, 1925	2	Stejneger's bamboo pitviper	India (Assam), and Nepal through Myanmar and Thailand to China (Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Hainan, Fukien, Chekiang, Yunnan) and Taiwan.
T. strigatus	Gray, 1842	0	Horseshoe pitviper	The hills of southern India.
T. sumatranus	(Raffles, 1822)	1	Sumatran pitviper	Southern Thailand, West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak on Borneo) and Indonesia (Bangka, Billiton, Borneo, Sumatra and the nearby islands of Simalur, Nias, and possibly the Mentawai Islands [Sipora]).
T. tibetanus	Huang, 1982	0	Tibetan bamboo pitviper	China: Xiang (Tibet) Autonomous Region.
T. tokarensis	Nagai, 1928	0	Tokara habu	Japan: Takarajima and Kotakarajima.
T. trigonocephalus	(Donndorff, 1798)	0	Sri Lankan green pitviper	Throughout Sri Lanka from low elevations to about 1,800 m.
T. xiangchengensis	Zhao, Jiang & Huang, 1979	0	Kham Plateau pitviper	China: Yunnan and western Sichuan.

*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
^T) Type species.^[1]

Taxonomy

Species that may be recognized by other sources include:

T. andersonii Theobald, 1868. Commonly called Anderson's pit viper, found in the Andaman Islands of India.
T. barati Regenass & Kramer, 1981. Commonly called Barat's bamboo viper, found in Indonesia.
T. fucatus Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004. Commonly called the Siamese peninsula pit viper and found in southern Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia.
T. gumprechti David, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal, 2002. Commonly called Gumprecht's green pit viper and found in northeastern Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China and Myanmar.
T. insularis Kramer, 1977. Commonly called the white-lipped island pit viper and found in Indonesia.
T. malcolmi Loveridge, 1938. Commonly called Malcolm's pit viper and found on Borneo (Indonesia).
T. nebularis Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004. Commonly called the Cameron Highlands pit viper and found in West Malaysia (Cameron Highlands).
T. sabahi Regenass & Kramer,1981. Commonly called Sabah's bamboo viper and found on Borneo, Indonesia.
T. truongsonensis , Ryabov, Thanh & Cuc, 2004. Found in central Vietnam.
T. venustus Vogel, 1991. Commonly called the beautiful pit viper and found in southern Thailand.
T. vogeli David, Vidal & Pauwels, 2001. Commonly called Vogel's pit viper and found in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

The genus Trimeresurus (sensu lato) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000, resulting in the recognition of additional genera within this complex. Most authors now recognise the genus Protobothrops for the species cornutus, flavoviridis, jerdonii, kaulbacki, mucrosquamatus, tokarensis, xiangchengensis,^[8]^[9]^[10] since these have been shown not to be closely related to other Trimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses.

In addition, Malhotra and Thorpe (2004)^[9] proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus, splitting Trimeresurus into seven genera. Their proposed arrangement (including species described since 2004) is shown in the table below:

Genus	Species included
Trimeresurus	andalasensis, borneensis, brongersmai, gramineus, malabaricus, puniceus, strigatus, trigonocephalus, wiroti
Cryptelytrops	albolabris, andersonii, cantori, erythrurus, fasciatus, honsonensis (Hon Son Pit Viper), insularis, kanburiensis, labialis, macrops, purpureomaculatus, septentrionalis, venustus
Himalayophis	tibetanus
Parias	flavomaculatus, hageni, malcolmi, mcgregori, schultzei, sumatranus
Peltopelor	macrolepis
Popeia	barati, buniana, fucata, nebularis, popeiorum, sabahi
Viridovipera	gumprechti, medoensis, stejnegeri, truongsonensis, vogeli, yunnanensis

This new arrangement has been followed by many,^[10]^[11] but not all^[12] subsequent authors.

David et al. (2011) considered some of the genera of Malhotra & Thorpe to be subgenera of the genus Trimeresurus, creating new combinations such as "Trimeresurus (Parias) flavomaculatus", "Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum", "Trimeresurus (Viridovipera) stejnegeri", etc.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Trimeresurus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
^ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
^ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
^ ^a ^b Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S. 2004. Asian Pitvipers. GeitjeBooks Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. ISBN 3-937975-00-4.
^ Yang, J.-H., Orlov, N.I. & Wang, Y.-Y. (2011). "A new species of pitviper of the genus Protobothrops from China (Squamata: Viperidae)." Zootaxa 2936: 59-68.
^ Sumontha,M., Kunya,K., S. G. Pauwels,O., Nitikul,A., and Punnadee,S. (2011)."Trimeresurus (Popeia) phuketensis, a New Pitviper (Squamata: Viperidae) from Phuket Island, Southwestern Thailand". Russian Journal of Herpetology. 18;3: 11-17.
^ Kraus, F., Mink, D.G., Brown, W.M., 1996. Crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Copeia, 1996, 763-773.
^ ^a ^b Malhotra, A., Thorpe, R.S., 2004. A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32, 83-100.
^ ^a ^b Castoe, T.A., Parkinson, C.L., 2006. Bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers (Viperidae: Serpentes) Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39, 91-110.
^ Grismer, L.L., J.L. Grismer & J.A. McGuire (2006) A new species of pitviper of the genus Popeia (Squamata: Viperidae) from Pulau Tioman, Pahang, West Malaysia. Zootaxa 1305: 1-19.
^ Vogel, G. (2006) Venomous Snakes of Asia/Giftschlangen Asiens. Terralog, Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main.
^ David, Patrick; Vogel, Gernot; Dubois, Alain. 2011. On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa 2992: 1-51.

External links

Wikispecies has information related to: Trimeresurus

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trimeresurus.

Trimeresurus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 6 December 2007.
Trimeresurus at Herpbreeder.com. Accessed 26 September 2006.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 東アジアへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to east asia
2. 南アジアへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to south asia
3. 東南アジアへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to southeast asia

English Journal

The structure-function relationship of thrombin-like enzymes from the green pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris).

Pradniwat P1, Rojnuckarin P2.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.Toxicon.2015 Jun 15;100:53-9. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.005. Epub 2015 Apr 22.
Pit viper venoms can decrease fibrinogen levels in snakebite patients. Studies have shown that the hypofibrinogenemia is a consequence of snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (TLEs), the serine proteases that have the potential to be both diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Exosites of thrombin are the
PMID 25912946

Biological activities of Peristrophe bivalvis extracts: promising potential for anti-snake venoms against Naja kaouthia and Trimeresurus albolabris venoms.

Phaopongthai J1, Noiphrom J, Phaopongthai S, Pakmanee N, Sichaem J.
Natural product research.Nat Prod Res.2015 May 5:1-3. [Epub ahead of print]
This study evaluates the in vitro anti-snake venom potential of Peristrophe bivalvis (PB) extracts against Naja kaouthia (NK) and Trimeresurus albolabris (TA) venoms, including inhibition of cytotoxic effects and enzymatic activities, and the binding-precipitation of extracts and venom proteins ana
PMID 25942501

Single chain antibody fragment with serine protease inhibitory property capable of neutralizing toxicity of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom.

Lee YC1, Chen WC2, Liang MH3, Lee CH4, Tsai KC5, Chiang JR6, Chiang LC6, Chen CC7, Chang CY8, Lee CH8, Leu SJ9, Yang YY10.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2015 May 1;460(2):170-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.169. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus (TM) is one of majorities of snake envenomation with necrotic and hemorrhagic toxin in Taiwan. In this study, chickens were used as an alternative animal model for immunization with TM venom. Using phage display technology to process four rounds of panning, selected singl
PMID 25769957

Japanese Journal

Small serum protein-1 changes the susceptibility of an apoptosis-inducing metalloproteinase HV1 to a metalloproteinase inhibitor in habu snake (Trimeresurus flavoviridis)

Shioi Narumi,Ogawa Eiki,Mizukami Yuki [他]
The journal of biochemistry 153(1), 121-129, 2013-01
NAID 40019546618

Production and degradation of extracellular matrix in reversible glomerular lesions in rat model of habu snake venom-induced glomerulonephritis

Kawazu Tayo,Nishino Tomoya,Obata Yoko,Furusu Akira,Miyazaki Masanobu,Abe Katsushige,Koji Takehiko,Kohno Shigeru
Medical molecular morphology : official journal of the Japanese Society for Clinical Molecular Morphology 45(4), 190-198, 2012-12-01
… We investigated the mechanism of development and repair process of glomerular injury in a rat model of habu snake (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) venom (HSV)-induced glomerulonephritis. …
NAID 10031137143

Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Subunit of Phospholipase A_2 Inhibitor in the Serum of Trimeresurus flavoviridis

Shioi Narumi,Terada Shigeyuki
福岡大学理学集報 41(2), 185-193, 2011-09
NAID 110008659298

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Trimeresurus
	Bamboo pitviper, T. gramineus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Subfamily:	Crotalinae
Genus:	Trimeresurus; Lacépède, 1804
Synonyms
	Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804; Craspedocephalus; Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822; Trimeresura – Fleming, 1822; Craspedocephalus – Gray, 1825; Megaera Wagler, 1830; Atropos Wagler, 1830; Trimesurus – Gray, 1842;

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[McD99-1] McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

[ITIS-2] "Trimeresurus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 September 2006.

[Meh87-3] Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.

[USN91-4] U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.

[Gum04-5] Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S. 2004. Asian Pitvipers. GeitjeBooks Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. ISBN 3-937975-00-4.

[6] Yang, J.-H., Orlov, N.I. & Wang, Y.-Y. (2011). "A new species of pitviper of the genus Protobothrops from China (Squamata: Viperidae)." Zootaxa 2936: 59-68.

[7] Sumontha,M., Kunya,K., S. G. Pauwels,O., Nitikul,A., and Punnadee,S. (2011)."Trimeresurus (Popeia) phuketensis, a New Pitviper (Squamata: Viperidae) from Phuket Island, Southwestern Thailand". Russian Journal of Herpetology. 18;3: 11-17.

[8] Kraus, F., Mink, D.G., Brown, W.M., 1996. Crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Copeia, 1996, 763-773.

[MT2004-9] Malhotra, A., Thorpe, R.S., 2004. A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32, 83-100.

[Castoe-10] Castoe, T.A., Parkinson, C.L., 2006. Bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers (Viperidae: Serpentes) Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39, 91-110.

[11] Grismer, L.L., J.L. Grismer & J.A. McGuire (2006) A new species of pitviper of the genus Popeia (Squamata: Viperidae) from Pulau Tioman, Pahang, West Malaysia. Zootaxa 1305: 1-19.

[12] Vogel, G. (2006) Venomous Snakes of Asia/Giftschlangen Asiens. Terralog, Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main.

[13] David, Patrick; Vogel, Gernot; Dubois, Alain. 2011. On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa 2992: 1-51.

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