関: Anacardiaceae、poison ivy、poison oak

WordNet

in some classifications: comprising those members of the genus Rhus having foliage that is poisonous to the touch; of North America and northern South America (同)genus Toxicodendron
the cashew family; trees and shrubs and vines having resinous (sometimes poisonous) juice; includes cashew and mango and pistachio and poison ivy and sumac (同)family Anacardiaceae, sumac family

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/26 19:24:26」(JST)

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Toxicodendron a genus of flowering plants in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae. It contains woody trees, shrubs and vines, including poison ivy, poison oak, and the lacquer tree. All members of the genus produce the skin-irritating oil urushiol, which can cause a severe allergic reaction. The generic name is derived from the Greek words τοξικός (toxikos), meaning "poison," and δένδρον (dendron), meaning "tree".^[2]

Members of this genus are sometimes included in the genus Rhus, although recent molecular evidence points to keeping Toxicodendron as a separate monophyletic genus.^[3]

They have pinnately compound, alternate leaves and whitish or grayish drupes. The best known members of the genus in North America are poison ivy, practically ubiquitous throughout most of eastern North America, and poison oak, similarly ubiquitous throughout much of the western part of the continent.

The plants are quite variable in appearance. The leaves may have smooth, toothed or lobed edges, and all three types of leaf edge may be present in a single plant. The plants grow as creeping vines, climbing vines, shrubs, or, in the case of lacquer tree and poison sumac, as trees. While leaves of poison ivy and poison oaks usually have three leaflets, sometimes there are five or, occasionally, even seven leaflets. Leaves of poison sumac have 7–13 leaflets, and of Lacquer Tree, 7–19 leaflets.

The common names come from similar appearances to other species that are not closely related and to the allergic response to the urushiol. Poison oak is not an oak (Quercus, family Fagaceae), but this common name comes from the leaves' resemblance to white oak (Quercus alba) leaves, while poison ivy is not an ivy (Hedera, family Araliaceae), but has a superficially similar growth form. Technically, the plants do not contain a poison; they contain a potent allergen.

The resins of certain species native to Japan, China and other Asian countries, such as T. vernicifluum (lacquer tree) and T. succedaneum (wax tree), are used to make lacquer, and, as a byproduct of lacquer manufacture, their berries are used to make japan wax.

Avoidance, treatment, and safety[edit]

For specific information on prevention and treatment of Toxicodendron rashes, see Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis.

Selected species of Toxicodendron[edit]

Toxicodendron acuminatum (or Rhus acuminata) grows in China, Bhutan, India and Nepal.

Western poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum or Rhus diversiloba) is found throughout much of western North America, ranging from the Pacific coast into the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges between southern British Columbia and southward into Baja California. It is extremely common in that region, where it is the predominant species of the genus. Indeed, it is California's most prevalent woody shrub.^[4] Extremely variable, it grows as a dense shrub in open sunlight, or as a climbing vine in shaded areas. It propagates by creeping rhizomes or by seed.^[5] The compound leaves are divided into three leaflets, 35–100 mm long, with scalloped, toothed, or lobed edges. Californians learn to recognize it by the rhyme "leaves of three, let it be". The leaves may be red, yellow, green, or some combination of those colors, depending on various factors, such as the time of year.

Asian poison ivy (Toxicodendron orientale, Rhus orientale or R. ambigua) is very similar to the American poison ivy, and replaces it throughout east Asia (so similar that some texts treat it as just a variety of the American species).

Toxicodendron parviflorum (or Rhus parviflora).

Potanin's lacquer tree or Chinese varnish tree (Toxicodendron potaninii or Rhus potaninii) from central China, is similar to T. vernicifluum but with (usually) fewer leaflets per leaf. Growing up to 20 m tall, like T. vernicifluum it is used for lacquer production. The leaves have 7–9 leaflets.

Atlantic poison oak (Toxicodendron pubescens or Rhus toxicarium) grows mostly in sandy soils in eastern parts of the United States. Growing as a shrub, its leaves are in groups of three. Leaves are typically rounded or lobed, and are densely haired. Although it is often confused with the more common poison ivy, even in the scientific literature,^[6] Atlantic Poison oak has small clumps of hair on the veins on the underside of the leaves, while Poison ivy does not.

Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans or Rhus radicans) is extremely common in some areas of North America. In the United States it grows in all states east of the Rockies except North Dakota. It also grows in Central America. Appearing as a creeping vine, a climbing vine, or a shrub, it reproduces both by creeping rootstocks and by seeds. The appearance varies. Leaves, arranged in an alternate pattern, usually in groups of three, are from 20 to 50 mm long, pointed at the tip, and may be toothed, smooth, or lobed, but never serrated. Leaves may be shiny or dull, and the color varies with the season. Vines grow almost straight up rather than wrapping around their support, and can grow to 8–10 m in height. In some cases, Poison ivy may entirely engulf the supporting structure, and vines may extend outward like limbs, so that it appears to be a Poison ivy "tree".

Western poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii or Rhus rydbergii) is found in northern parts of the eastern United States. It also exists in the western United States and Canada, but is much less common than poison oak. It may grow as a vine or a shrub. It was once considered a subspecies of poison ivy. It does sometimes hybridize with the climbing species. Western poison ivy is found in much of western and central United States and Canada, although not on the West Coast. In the eastern United States it is rarely found south of New England.

Manzanillo (Toxicodendron striatum or Rhus striata) is a South American poisonous tree growing in the tropical rain forests on low elevation slopes. The name should not be confused with the unrelated Manchineel, a poisonous tree which is not a member of the Anacardiaceae.

Wax tree (Toxicodendron succedaneum or Rhus succedanea), a native of Asia, although it has been planted elsewhere, most notably Australia and New Zealand. It is a large shrub or tree, up to 8 m tall, somewhat similar to a sumac tree. Because of its beautiful autumn foliage, it has been planted outside of Asia as an ornamental plant, often by gardeners who were apparently unaware of the dangers of allergic reactions. It is now officially classified as a noxious weed in Australia and New Zealand. The fatty-acid methyl ester of the kernel oil meets all of the major biodiesel requirements in the USA (ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99), Germany (DIN V 51606) and European Union (EN 14214).^[7]

Toxicodendron sylvestre (or Rhus sylvestris) grows in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan.

Lacquer tree or varnish tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum or Rhus verniciflua) grows in Asia, especially China and Japan. Growing up to 20 m tall, its sap produces an extremely durable lacquer. The leaves have 7–19 leaflets (most often 11–13). The sap contains the allergenic oil, urushiol. Urushiol gets its name from this species which in Japanese is called Urushi. Other names for this species include Japanese lacquer tree, Japanese Varnish Tree and Japanese Sumac (Note: the term "varnish tree" is also occasionally applied to the Candlenut, Aleurites moluccana, a southeast Asian tree unrelated to Toxicodendron).

Poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix or Rhus vernix) is a tall shrub or a small tree, from 2–7 m tall. It is found in swampy, open areas and reproduces by seeds. The leaves have between 7–13 untoothed leaflets, in a feather-compound arrangement.^[8] In terms of its potential to cause urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, poison sumac is far more virulent than other Toxicodendron species, even more virulent than poison ivy and poison oak. According to some botanists, poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) is the most toxic plant species in the United States (Frankel, 1991).

Notes[edit]

^ "Toxicodendron Mill.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
^ Pell, Susan Katherine (18 February 2004). "Molecular Systematics of the Cashew Family (Anacardiaceae) (PhD dissertation at Louisiana State University)". , page 89
^ Brooks, Bill (4 March 1999). "The Toxicodendrons: Poison Ivy, Poison Oak and Poison Sumac".
^ C.Michael Hogan (2008) Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum, GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg [1]
^ Sullivan, Janet (1994). "Toxicodendron toxicarium". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
^ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001
^ George A. Petrides (1998). A Field Guide to Eastern Trees. ISBN 0-395-90455-2.

References[edit]

Frankel, Edward, Ph.D. 1991. Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Poison Sumac and Their Relatives; Pistachios, Mangoes and Cashews. The Boxwood Press. Pacific Grove, Calif. ISBN 0-940168-18-9.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Toxicodendron

Wikispecies has information related to: Toxicodendron

Article about urushi lacquer made from the sap of the Urushi tree of Japan
Article about poison oak
UVSC Herbarium - Toxicodendron
Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India

UpToDate Contents

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1. ツタウルシ（トキシコデンドロン属）による皮膚炎 poison ivy toxicodendron dermatitis
2. 患者情報：ツタウルシ（詳細） poison ivy beyond the basics
3. Sézary症候群の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical presentation pathologic features and diagnosis of sezary syndrome
4. 皮膚の水疱を有する患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with cutaneous blisters
5. 全身性ステロイドに対する過敏反応 hypersensitivity reactions to systemic glucocorticoids

English Journal

A note on Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley.

Wiart C.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.Food Chem Toxicol.2014 Feb;64:410. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.052. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
PMID 24316313

Poison ivy dermatitis.

Colbeck C, Clayton TH, Goenka A.Author information Department of Paediatrics, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, , Bolton, UK.KEYWORDS: Dermatology, Phytodermatitis, Poison Ivy, Urushiol
Archives of disease in childhood.Arch Dis Child.2013 Dec;98(12):1022. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305122. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
PMID 24030248

Characterization of 42 microsatellite markers from poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans (Anacardiaceae).

Hsu TW, Shih HC, Kuo CC, Chiang TY, Chiang YC.Author information Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou 552, Taiwan. tychiang@mail.ncku.edu.tw.AbstractPoison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans, and poison oaks, T. diversilobum and T. pubescens, are perennial woody species of the Anacardiaceae and are poisonous, containing strong allergens named urushiols that cause allergic contact dermatitis. Poison ivy is a species distributed from North America to East Asia, while T. diversilobum and T. pubescens are distributed in western and eastern North America, respectively. Phylogreography and population structure of these species remain unclear. Here, we developed microsatellite markers, via constructing a magnetic enriched microsatellite library, from poison ivy. We designed 51 primer pairs, 42 of which successfully yielded products that were subsequently tested for polymorphism in poison oak, and three subspecies of poison ivy. Among the 42 loci, 38 are polymorphic, while 4 are monomorphic. The number of alleles and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 1 to 12 and from 0.10 to 0.87, respectively, in poison ivy, while varied from 2 to 8 and, from 0.26 to 0.83, respectively in poison oak. Genetic analysis revealed distinct differentiation between poison ivy and poison oak, whereas slight genetic differentiation was detected among three subspecies of poison ivy. These highly polymorphic microsatellite fingerprints enable biologists to explore the population genetics, phylogeography, and speciation in Toxicodendron.
International journal of molecular sciences.Int J Mol Sci.2013 Oct 14;14(10):20414-26. doi: 10.3390/ijms141020414.
Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans, and poison oaks, T. diversilobum and T. pubescens, are perennial woody species of the Anacardiaceae and are poisonous, containing strong allergens named urushiols that cause allergic contact dermatitis. Poison ivy is a species distributed from North America to Eas
PMID 24129176

Homeopathic Rhus toxicodendron treatment increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in primary cultured mouse chondrocytes.

Huh YH, Kim MJ, Yeo MG.Author information Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Department of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwang-ju 500-712, Republic of Korea.AbstractBACKGROUND: Rhus toxicodendron (Rhus tox) is a homeopathic remedy with anti-inflammatory activities used for arthritis pain.
Homeopathy : the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy.Homeopathy.2013 Oct;102(4):248-53. doi: 10.1016/j.homp.2013.07.001.
BACKGROUND: Rhus toxicodendron (Rhus tox) is a homeopathic remedy with anti-inflammatory activities used for arthritis pain.METHODS: We studied the effects of 4×, 30×, 30c and 200c homeopathic dilutions of Rhus tox in primary cultured mouse chondrocytes. We examined the expression of collagen type
PMID 24050770

Japanese Journal

鳥浜貝塚から出土したウルシ材の年代

鈴木三男,能城修一,小林和貴 [他]
植生史研究 21(2), 67-71, 2012-10-00
NAID 40019477294

White root rot disease of the lacquer tree Toxicodendron vernicifluum caused by Rosellinia necatrix

TAKEMOTO Shuhei,NAKAMURA Hitoshi,TABATA Masanobu,SASAKI Atsuko,ICHIHARA Yu,AIKAWA Takuya,KOIWA Toshiyuki
Journal of general plant pathology : JGPP 78(1), 77-79, 2012-01-01
NAID 10030561935

ハゼノキの育種における基礎的研究

平岡裕一郎
林木の育種 -(242) (-), 10-17, 2012-01-00
NAID 40019179542

ハゼノキの在来品種，優良候補個体およびアジア大陸と沖縄島の自生個体における葉緑体ハプロタイプの比較

平岡裕一郎,渡辺敦史
日本森林学会誌 93(4), 200-204, 2011
ハゼノキの在来品種と優良候補個体, および沖縄島の自生個体の葉緑体DNAにおける<I>ndh</I>F遺伝子と<I>trn</I>L-F領域の塩基配列を決定し, アジア大陸の個体と比較した。総塩基長2,403 bpにおいて9の塩基置換がみられ, 10の葉緑体ハプロタイプに分類された。日本本土由来の在来品種と優良候補個体にのみ存在した1ハプロタイプ ( …
NAID 130001340273

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「トキシコデンドロン属」「ウルシ属」「ウルシ類」「Anacardiaceae」
拡張検索	「Toxicodendron属」

「トキシコデンドロン属」

Toxicodendron
	Two pictures of Toxicodendron radicans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Anacardiaceae
Subfamily:	Anacardioideae
Genus:	Toxicodendron; Mill.
Species
	See text

　　[★]

ラ: Toxicodendron
関: ツタウルシ、ウルシ、ウルシ属、ウルシ類、ウルシ科、Toxicodendron属

「ウルシ属」

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ラ: Toxicodendron
関: トキシコデンドロン属、ウルシ類、Toxicodendron属

「ウルシ類」

　　[★]

ラ: Toxicodendron
関: ウルシ属、トキシコデンドロン属、Toxicodendron属

「Anacardiaceae」

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ウルシ科

関: poison ivy、poison oak、Toxicodendron

「Toxicodendron属」

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ラ: Toxicodendron
関: ウルシ属、トキシコデンドロン属、ウルシ類

[GRIN-1] "Toxicodendron Mill.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2010-02-12.

[2] Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.

[3] Pell, Susan Katherine (18 February 2004). "Molecular Systematics of the Cashew Family (Anacardiaceae) (PhD dissertation at Louisiana State University)". , page 89

[4] Brooks, Bill (4 March 1999). "The Toxicodendrons: Poison Ivy, Poison Oak and Poison Sumac".

[5] C.Michael Hogan (2008) Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum, GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg [1]

[6] Sullivan, Janet (1994). "Toxicodendron toxicarium". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.

[7] ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001

[8] George A. Petrides (1998). A Field Guide to Eastern Trees. ISBN 0-395-90455-2.

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Toxicodendron