WordNet

want to have; "Id like a beer now!"
a kind of person; "Well not see his like again"; "I cant tolerate people of his ilk" (同)ilk
a similar kind; "dogs, foxes, and the like", "we dont want the likes of you around here" (同)the like, the likes of
equal in amount or value; "like amounts"; "equivalent amounts"; "the same amount"; "gave one six blows and the other a like number"; "the same number" (同)same
resembling or similar; having the same or some of the same characteristics; often used in combination; "suits of like design"; "a limited circle of like minds"; "members of the cat family have like dispositions"; "as like as two peas in a pod"; "doglike devotion"; "a dreamlike quality" (同)similar
be fond of; "I like my nephews"
feel about or towards; consider, evaluate, or regard; "How did you like the Presidents speech last night?"
find enjoyable or agreeable; "I like jogging"; "She likes to read Russian novels"
ring slowly; "For whom the bell tolls"
a fee levied for the use of roads or bridges (used for maintenance)
charge a fee for using; "Toll the bridges into New York City"
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
a feeling of pleasure and enjoyment; "Ive always had a liking for reading"; "she developed a liking for gin"
found pleasant or attractive; often used as a combining form; "a well-liked teacher"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『好む』,‘が'好きである / 《しばしば否定文で,またwould,《英》shouldと共に用いて》…‘を'望む,…したい / 『好む』;望む / 《複数形で》好み,好きな事
(外観・性質などが)…『に似た』,のような / (やり方,程度などが)…『と同じように』 / …『らしい』,にふさわいし / 《おもに話》たとえば…のような / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(性質・外観などが)同じの,(数量が)等しい / 《補語にのみ用いて》似ている,そっくりで / たぶん,おそらく(probably) / (…に)似た人(物),(…と)同等の人(物),匹敵する人(物)《+『of』+『名』》 / …のように / あたかも…のように
〈鐘が〉(にっくり規則的に繰り返して)鳴る / (ゆっくり規則的に繰り返して)〈鐘〉‘を'鳴らす / 〈鐘が〉…‘を'知らせる / 鐘を鳴らすこと / 鐘の音
(橋・道路などの)『使用[通行]料金』,使用税 / (長距離電話などの)『料金』,サービス料 / 《通例単数形で》(災難などの)被害の程度,犠牲(死傷)負数
=sense organ / 受信装置
(…の)『好み』,趣味《+『for』(『to』)+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/14 12:42:19」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene.^[1] TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family.

Function

The TLR family plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are named for the high degree of conservation in structure and function seen between mammalian TLRs and the Drosophila transmembrane protein Toll. TLRs are transmembrane proteins, expressed on the cell surface and the endocytic compartment and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents and initiate signalling to induce production of cytokines necessary for the innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is preferentially expressed in immune cell rich tissues, such as spleen, lymph node, bone marrow and peripheral blood leukocytes. Studies in mice and humans indicate that this receptor mediates cellular response to unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in bacterial DNA to mount an innate immune response.^[2]

TLR9 recognizes unmethylated CpG sequences in DNA molecules. CpG sites are relatively rare (~1%) on vertebrate genomes in comparison to bacterial genomes or viral DNA. TLR9 is expressed by numerous cells of the immune system such as B lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. TLR9 is expressed intracellularly, within the endosomal compartments and functions to alert the immune system of viral and bacterial infections by binding to DNA rich in CpG motifs. TLR9 signals leads to activation of the cells initiating pro-inflammatory reactions that result in the production of cytokines such as type-I interferon and IL-12.

Clinical significance

There are new immunomodulatory treatments undergoing testing which involve the administration of artificial DNA oligonucleotides containing the CpG motif. CpG DNA has applications in treating allergies such as asthma,^[3] immunostimulation against cancer,^[4] immunostimulation against pathogens, and as adjuvants in vaccines.^[5]

Protein interactions

TLR9 has been shown to interact with RNF216.^[6]
It can be activated by CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides such as Agatolimod.

References

^ Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B (Dec 2000). "Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution". Eur Cytokine Netw 11 (3): 362–71. PMID 11022119.
^ "Entrez Gene: TLR9 toll-like receptor 9".
^ Kline JN (July 2007). "Eat dirt: CpG DNA and immunomodulation of asthma". Proc Am Thorac Soc 4 (3): 283–8. doi:10.1513/pats.200701-019AW. PMC 2647631. PMID 17607014.
^ Thompson JA, Kuzel T, Bukowski R, Masciari F, Schmalbach T (July 2004). "Phase Ib trial of a targeted TLR9 CpG immunomodulator (CPG 7909) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC)". Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition) 22 (14S).
^ Klinman DM (2006). "Adjuvant activity of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides". Int. Rev. Immunol. 25 (3-4): 135–54. doi:10.1080/08830180600743057. PMID 16818369.
^ Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ (May 2004). "Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors". Nat. Immunol. 5 (5): 495–502. doi:10.1038/ni1066. PMID 15107846.

External links

TLR9 protein, human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

UpToDate Contents

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2. Toll様受容体：疾患および治療における役割 toll like receptors roles in disease and therapy
3. アレルギー性鼻炎の免疫療法 immunologic treatments for allergic rhinitis
4. 肝線維症の病因 pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis
5. 炎症性ミオパチーの病因 pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies

English Journal

3-Hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-9-one, isolated from Ulva pertusa, attenuates TLR9-mediated inflammatory response by down-regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways.

Ali I1,2, Manzoor Z1,2, Koo JE1,2, Kim JE3, Byeon SH3, Yoo ES1,2, Kang HK1,2, Hyun JW1,2, Lee NH3, Koh YS1,2.
Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2017 Dec;55(1):435-440.
PMID 27937044

pH-sensitive polymer-modified liposome-based immunity-inducing system: Effects of inclusion of cationic lipid and CpG-DNA.

Yoshizaki Y1, Yuba E2, Sakaguchi N3, Koiwai K3, Harada A1, Kono K1.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2017 Oct;141:272-283. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.001. Epub 2017 Jul 3.
PMID 28704679

Effectiveness of formalin-killed vaccines containing CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1668 adjuvants against Vibrio harveyi in orange-spotted grouper.

Nguyen HT1, Nguyen TTT1, Wang YT1, Wang PC2, Chen SC3.
Fish & shellfish immunology.Fish Shellfish Immunol.2017 Sep;68:124-131. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.018. Epub 2017 Jul 8.
PMID 28698120

Japanese Journal

Lipopolysaccharide inhibits myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts through the Toll-like receptor 4-nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and myoblast-derived tumor necrosis factor-α

PLoS One 12(7), e0182040, 2017-07-24
NAID 120006345742

TLRとウイルス感染 (特集ウイルスに対する免疫反応)

臨床免疫・アレルギー科 = Clinical immunology & allergology 68(1), 46-51, 2017-07
NAID 40021263312

Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist TAK-242 inhibits autoinflammatory symptoms in DITRA

Journal of Autoimmunity 80, 28-38, 2017-06
NAID 120006331817

Related Pictures

Toll-Like Receptor 9 Human Toll-like Receptor 9 ELISA Kit (ab252358) | アブカム Toll-like Receptor 9 (D9M9H) XP® Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #14252 CST - Toll-like Receptor 9 (D9M9H) XP® Rabbit mAb Toll-like Receptor 9 (D2C9) Rabbit mAb | Cell Signaling Technology Toll-like Receptors (TLR) Clinisciences

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Toll様受容体9」「Toll様レセプター9」「TLR9」
関連記事	「like」「toll」

「Toll様受容体9」

Toll-like receptor 9
Identifiers
Symbols	TLR9 ; CD289
External IDs	OMIM: 605474 MGI: 1932389 HomoloGene: 68126 ChEMBL: 5804 GeneCards: TLR9 Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• transmembrane signaling receptor activity; • interleukin-1 receptor binding; • siRNA binding;
Cellular component	• Golgi membrane; • extracellular region; • cytoplasm; • lysosome; • endosome; • endoplasmic reticulum; • endoplasmic reticulum membrane; • plasma membrane; • endosome membrane; • integral component of membrane; • basolateral plasma membrane; • apical plasma membrane; • early phagosome; • endolysosome membrane;
Biological process	• toll-like receptor signaling pathway; • response to molecule of bacterial origin; • MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; • inflammatory response; • I-kappaB phosphorylation; • insulin receptor signaling pathway; • positive regulation of gene expression; • maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium; • negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; • tumor necrosis factor production; • negative regulation of interleukin-6 production; • negative regulation of interleukin-8 production; • positive regulation of chemokine production; • positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production; • positive regulation of interferon-beta production; • positive regulation of interleukin-10 production; • positive regulation of interleukin-12 production; • positive regulation of interleukin-18 production; • positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; • positive regulation of interleukin-8 production; • positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production; • negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway; • positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway; • toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; • positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus; • defense response to bacterium; • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; • positive regulation of JUN kinase activity; • positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process; • innate immune response; • positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • positive regulation of JNK cascade; • regulation of cytokine secretion; • positive regulation of inflammatory response; • defense response to Gram-negative bacterium; • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; • positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process; • negative regulation of calcium-transporting ATPase activity;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	v; t; e;