関: Thuja plicata、western red cedar

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red cedar (同)genus Thuja

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/05 16:17:25」(JST)

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Thuja (/ˈθjuːdʒə/ THEW-jə)^[2] is a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family). There are five species in the genus, two native to North America and three native to eastern Asia.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] The genus is monophyletic and sister to Thujopsis.

They are commonly known as arborvitaes (from Latin for tree of life) or thujas; several species are widely known as cedar but because they are not true cedars (Cedrus) it has been recommended to call them redcedars or whitecedars.^[8]

Species^[3]^[9]^[10]

Thuja koraiensis Nakai - Korean Thuja - Jilin, Korea
Thuja occidentalis L. - Eastern Arborvitae, Northern Whitecedar - E Canada (Manitoba to Nova Scotia), E USA (primarily Northeast, Great Lakes, Appalachians)
Thuja plicata Donn ex D.Don - Western Redcedar - from Alaska to Mendocino County in California
Thuja standishii (Gordon) Carrière - Japanese Thuja - Honshu, Shikoku
†Thuja sutchuenensis (Gordon) Carrière - Sichuan Thuja - Sichuan, Chongqing but extinct in wild

Formerly placed here^[3]

Austrocedrus chilensis (D.Don) Pic.Serm. & Bizzarri (as T. chilensis D.Don)
Callitris rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich. (as T. australis Poir.)
Cupressus nootkatensis D.Don (as T. excelsa Bong.)
Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton ex D.Don) K.Koch (as T. pensilis Staunton ex D.Don)
Libocedrus plumosa (D.Don) Sarg. (as T. doniana Hook.)
Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (as T. orientalis L.)
Podocarpus javanicus (Burm.f.) Merr. (as T. javanica Burm.f.)
Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. (as T. aphylla L.)
Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (as T. articulata Vahl)
Thujopsis dolabrata (Thunb. ex L.f.) Siebold & Zucc. (as T. dolabrata Thunb. ex L.f.)
Widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) Powrie (as T. cupressoides L.)

and many more

Description

Foliage of the cultivar 'Rheingold'

Thujas are evergreen trees growing from 10 to 200 feet (3.0 to 61.0 metres) tall, with stringy-textured reddish-brown bark. The shoots are flat, with side shoots only in a single plane. The leaves are scale-like 1–10 mm long, except young seedlings in their first year, which have needle-like leaves. The scale leaves are arranged in alternating decussate pairs in four rows along the twigs. The male cones are small, inconspicuous, and are located at the tips of the twigs. The female cones start out similarly inconspicuous, but grow to about 1–2 cm long at maturity when 6–8 months old; they have 6-12 overlapping, thin, leathery scales, each scale bearing 1–2 small seeds with a pair of narrow lateral wings.^[4]

The five species in the genus Thuja are small to large evergreen trees with flattened branchlets. The leaves are arranged in flattened fan shaped groupings with resin-glands, and oppositely grouped in 4 ranks. The mature leaves are different from younger leaves, with those on larger branchlets having sharp, erect, free apices. The leaves on flattened lateral branchlets are crowded into appressed groups and scale-like and the lateral pairs are keeled. With the exception of T. plicata, the lateral leaves are shorter than the facial leaves (Li et al. 2005). The solitary flowers are produced terminally. Pollen cones with 2-6 pairs of 2-4 pollen sacked sporophylls. Seed cones ellipsoid, typically 9-14mm long, they mature and open the first year. The thin woody cone scales number from 4-6 pairs and are persistent and overlapping, with an oblong shape, they are also basifixed. The central 2-3 pairs of cone scales are fertile. The seed cones produce 1 to 3 seeds per scale, the seeds are lenticular in shape and equally 2 winged. Seedlings produce 2 cotyledons.^[11]^[12]

T. plicata bark, foliage

Old growth T. plicata, Olympic Peninsula, USA

Cultivars of T. occidentalis in an arboretum

A hybrid between T. standishi and T. plicata has been named as the cultivar Thuja 'Green Giant'.

Another very distinct and only distantly related species, formerly treated as Thuja orientalis, is now treated in a genus of its own, as Platycladus orientalis. The closest relatives of Thuja are Thujopsis dolabrata, distinct in its thicker foliage and stouter cones, and Tetraclinis articulata (Greek θύια, θύα, formerly classed in the genus and after which Thuja is named), distinct in its quadrangular foliage (not flattened) and cones with four thick, woody scales.

The genus Thuja, like many other forms of conifers, is represented by ancestral forms in Cretaceous rocks of northern Europe, and with the advance of time is found to migrate from northerly to more southerly regions, until during Pliocene time it disappeared from Europe. Thuja is also known in the Miocene beds of the Dakotas.^[13]

Ecology

Thuja species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Autumnal Moth, The Engrailed and Juniper Pug. The foliage is also readily eaten by deer, and where deer population density is high, can adversely affect the growth of young trees and the establishment of seedlings.^[14]

Uses

They are widely grown as ornamental trees, and extensively used for hedges. A number of cultivars are grown and used in landscapes.^[15]^[16] Homeowners will sometimes plant them as privacy trees. The cultivar 'Green Giant' is popular as a very vigorous hedging plant, growing up to 80 cm/year when young.^[17]

The wood is light, soft and aromatic. It can be easily split and resists decay. The wood has been used for many applications from making chests that repel moths to shingles. Thuja poles are also often used to make fence posts and rails. The wood of Thuja plicata is commonly used for guitar sound boards.^[18] Its combination of light weight and resistance to decay has also led to T. plicata (Western Redcedar) being widely used for the construction of bee hives.^{[citation needed]}

Oil of thuja contains the terpene thujone which has been studied for its GABA receptor antagonistic, with potentially lethal properties.^[19] Cedarwood oil and cedar leaf oil, which are derived from Thuja occidentalis, have different properties and uses.^[20]

The natives of Canada used the needles of Thuja occidentalis (Eastern White Cedar) to make a tea that has been shown to contain 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams; this helped prevent and treat scurvy.^[21]

In the 19th century Thuja was commonly used as an externally applied tincture or ointment for the treatment of warts, ringworm and thrush,^[22] and a local injection of the tincture was used for treating venereal warts.^[23]

References

^ Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. (2000). Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany 87: 1044–1057. Available online.
^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
"Thuja". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ ^a ^b ^c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ ^a ^b Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4
^ Gymnosperm Database: Thuja
^ Flora of North America Vol. 2 Arborvitae, thuya, cèdre, Thuja Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1002. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 435, 1754.
^ Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 63 崖柏属 ya bai shu Thuja Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1002. 1753.
^ Kelsey, H. P., & Dayton, W. A. (1942). Standardized Plant Names, second edition. American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature. Horace McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pa.
^ "GRIN Species Records of Thuja". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
^ Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Flora of North America north of Mexico, v. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508242-7 Page 410.
^ Henry A Gleason. New Britton and Brown Illustrated flora of Eastern North America and adjacent Canada Vol 1, The Pteridophya, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. Hafner Press, pp 58-67.
^ "Arbor Vitæ". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
^ Stein, W. I. (1997). "Ten-year survival and growth of planted Douglas-fir and western redcedar after seven site-preparation treatments". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 12 (3): 74–80.
^ Thuja plicata
^ Thuja occidentalis
^ U.S. National Arboretum: Gardens: FAQs: 'Green Giant' Arborvitae
^ Bucur, Voichita. 1995. Acoustics of wood. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
^ Höld KM, Sirisoma NS, Ikeda T, Narahashi T, Casida JE (2000). "Alpha-thujone (the active component of absinthe): gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (8): 3826–31. doi:10.1073/pnas.070042397. PMC 18101. PMID 10725394.
^ "Cedarwood Oil Vs Cedar Leaf Oil". Cedar Leaf Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
^ Russell M. Burns and Barbara H. Honkala (Technical Coordinators) (December 1990). "Thuja occidentalis L.: Northern White-Cedar". Silvics of North America (Agriculture Handbook 654).
^ Hoffmann, David (2003). Medical Herbalism: Principles and Practices. Healing Arts Press. p. 588. ISBN 0-89281-749-6.
^ Grieve, M. (1931). A Modern Herbal. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 177.

External links

"Arbor Vitæ". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

English Journal

Flavonol isolated from ethanolic leaf extract of Thuja occidentalis arrests the cell cycle at G2-M and induces ROS-independent apoptosis in A549 cells, targeting nuclear DNA.

Mukherjee A, Sikdar S, Bishayee K, Boujedaini N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR.Author information Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India.AbstractOBJECTIVES: The K-ras gene mutation commonly found in lung adenocarcinomas contributes to their non-invasive expansion. Our main objective here was to develop a chemopreventive agent against K-ras-mutated lung adenocarcinoma cell line like-A549.
Cell proliferation.Cell Prolif.2014 Feb;47(1):56-71. doi: 10.1111/cpr.12079. Epub 2013 Nov 23.
OBJECTIVES: The K-ras gene mutation commonly found in lung adenocarcinomas contributes to their non-invasive expansion. Our main objective here was to develop a chemopreventive agent against K-ras-mutated lung adenocarcinoma cell line like-A549.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We isolated flavonol from ethano
PMID 24267912

Contribution of the ROS-p53 feedback loop in thuja-induced apoptosis of mammary epithelial carcinoma cells.

Saha S1, Bhattacharjee P1, Mukherjee S1, Mazumdar M1, Chakraborty S1, Khurana A2, Nayak D2, Manchanda R2, Chakrabarty R3, Das T1, Sa G1.Author information 1Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India.2Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, 61-65 Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi 110058, India.3Bholanath Chakrabarty Trust, 5 Subol Koley Lane, Howrah 711101, India.AbstractThe adverse side-effects associated with chemotherapy during cancer treatment have shifted considerable focus towards therapies that are targeted but devoid of toxic side-effects. In the present study, the antitumorigenic activity of thuja, the bioactive derivative of the medicinal plant Thuja occidentalis, was evaluated, and the molecular mechanisms underlying thuja-induced apoptosis of functional p53-expressing mammary epithelial carcinoma cells were elucidated. Our results showed that thuja successfully induced apoptosis in functional p53-expressing mammary epithelial carcinoma cells. Abrogation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), prevention of p53-activation, knockdown of p53 or inhibition of its functional activity significantly abridged ROS generation. Notably, under these conditions, thuja-induced breast cancer cell apoptosis was reduced, thereby validating the existence of an ROS-p53 feedback loop. Elucidating this feedback loop revealed bi-phasic ROS generation as a key mediator of thuja-induced apoptosis. the first phase of ROS was instrumental in ensuring activation of p53 via p38MAPK and its nuclear translocation for transactivation of Bax, which induced a second phase of mitochondrial ROS to construct the ROS-p53 feedback loop. Such molecular crosstalk induced mitochondrial changes i) to maintain and amplify the thuja signal in a positive self-regulatory feedback manner; and ii) to promote the mitochondrial death cascade through cytochrome c release and caspase-driven apoptosis. These results open the horizon for developing a targeted therapy by modulating the redox status of functional p53-expressing mammary epithelial carcinoma cells by thuja.
Oncology reports.Oncol Rep.2014 Jan 24. doi: 10.3892/or.2014.2993. [Epub ahead of print]
The adverse side-effects associated with chemotherapy during cancer treatment have shifted considerable focus towards therapies that are targeted but devoid of toxic side-effects. In the present study, the antitumorigenic activity of thuja, the bioactive derivative of the medicinal plant Thuja occid
PMID 24482097

Looking for age-related growth decline in natural forests: unexpected biomass patterns from tree rings and simulated mortality.

Foster JR, D'Amato AW, Bradford JB.Author information Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA, jrfoster@umn.edu.AbstractForest biomass growth is almost universally assumed to peak early in stand development, near canopy closure, after which it will plateau or decline. The chronosequence and plot remeasurement approaches used to establish the decline pattern suffer from limitations and coarse temporal detail. We combined annual tree ring measurements and mortality models to address two questions: first, how do assumptions about tree growth and mortality influence reconstructions of biomass growth? Second, under what circumstances does biomass production follow the model that peaks early, then declines? We integrated three stochastic mortality models with a census tree-ring data set from eight temperate forest types to reconstruct stand-level biomass increments (in Minnesota, USA). We compared growth patterns among mortality models, forest types and stands. Timing of peak biomass growth varied significantly among mortality models, peaking 20-30 years earlier when mortality was random with respect to tree growth and size, than when mortality favored slow-growing individuals. Random or u-shaped mortality (highest in small or large trees) produced peak growth 25-30 % higher than the surviving tree sample alone. Growth trends for even-aged, monospecific Pinus banksiana or Acer saccharum forests were similar to the early peak and decline expectation. However, we observed continually increasing biomass growth in older, low-productivity forests of Quercus rubra, Fraxinus nigra, and Thuja occidentalis. Tree-ring reconstructions estimated annual changes in live biomass growth and identified more diverse development patterns than previous methods. These detailed, long-term patterns of biomass development are crucial for detecting recent growth responses to global change and modeling future forest dynamics.
Oecologia.Oecologia.2014 Jan 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Forest biomass growth is almost universally assumed to peak early in stand development, near canopy closure, after which it will plateau or decline. The chronosequence and plot remeasurement approaches used to establish the decline pattern suffer from limitations and coarse temporal detail. We combi
PMID 24442595

Japanese Journal

NUFFT-& GPU-Based Fast Imaging of Vegetation

CAPOZZOLI Amedeo,CURCIO Claudio,DI VICO Antonio,LISENO Angelo
IEICE transactions on communications 94(7), 2092-2103, 2011-07-01
… Experimental far-field polarimetric measurements on a thuja plicata (western redcedar) tree point out the performance of the set up algorithm, its robustness against data truncation and temporal decorrelation as well as the possibility of discriminating scatterers with different features within the investigated scene. …
NAID 10029803833

長野県黒姫山の亜高山帯に成立する高山性植物群落の立地条件

石井浩之,中田誠,加々美寛雄 [他],平英彰
植生学会誌 : vegetation science 26(1), 21-32, 2009-06-25
1.これまで研究事例のなかった,標高的な森林限界に達していない山岳の亜高山帯針葉樹林域に高山性植物群落が成立している要因を明らかにするため,長野県黒姫山のカルデラ内壁の岩塊斜面下部において,植物群落の特性,立地・気象要因について調査した.2.TWINSPANの解析によって区分された各群落は,斜面下部から上部へ向かって順に,チシマザサ群落,コメバツガザクラ-ミネズオウ群集,コケモモ-ハイマツ群集,ア …
NAID 110007522411

立山地域における特定植物群落の種組成の特徴--クロベ群落、タテヤマキンバイ群落など5群落について

吉田めぐみ
富山県中央植物園研究報告 (14), 1-13, 2009-03
NAID 40016725210

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「クロベ属」「ツジャ属」「western red cedar」
拡張検索	「Thuja plicata」「Thuja属」

「クロベ属」

arborvitaes
	Thuja standishii foliage and cones
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Cupressaceae
Subfamily:	Cupressoideae
Genus:	Thuja; L.

　　[★]

ラ: Thuja
関: 米スギ、Thuja属、ツジャ属、アメリカネズコ

「ツジャ属」

　　[★]

ラ: Thuja
関: クロベ属、Thuja属

「western red cedar」

　　[★]

米スギ

関: Thuja、Thuja plicata

「Thuja plicata」

　　[★]

アメリカネズコ、ベイスギ

関: Thuja、western red cedar

「Thuja属」

　　[★]

ラ: Thuja
関: クロベ属、ツジャ属

[1] Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. (2000). Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany 87: 1044–1057. Available online.

[2] Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
"Thuja". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[w-3] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[farjon-4] Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4

[gd-5] Gymnosperm Database: Thuja

[6] Flora of North America Vol. 2 Arborvitae, thuya, cèdre, Thuja Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1002. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 435, 1754.

[7] Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 63 崖柏属 ya bai shu Thuja Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1002. 1753.

[kelsey-8] Kelsey, H. P., & Dayton, W. A. (1942). Standardized Plant Names, second edition. American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature. Horace McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pa.

[GRINSpecies-9] "GRIN Species Records of Thuja". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-01-22.

[10] Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps

[11] Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Flora of North America north of Mexico, v. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508242-7 Page 410.

[12] Henry A Gleason. New Britton and Brown Illustrated flora of Eastern North America and adjacent Canada Vol 1, The Pteridophya, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. Hafner Press, pp 58-67.

[13] "Arbor Vitæ". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

[14] Stein, W. I. (1997). "Ten-year survival and growth of planted Douglas-fir and western redcedar after seven site-preparation treatments". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 12 (3): 74–80.

[15] Thuja plicata

[16] Thuja occidentalis

[17] U.S. National Arboretum: Gardens: FAQs: 'Green Giant' Arborvitae

[18] Bucur, Voichita. 1995. Acoustics of wood. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

[pmid10725394-19] Höld KM, Sirisoma NS, Ikeda T, Narahashi T, Casida JE (2000). "Alpha-thujone (the active component of absinthe): gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (8): 3826–31. doi:10.1073/pnas.070042397. PMC 18101. PMID 10725394.

[20] "Cedarwood Oil Vs Cedar Leaf Oil". Cedar Leaf Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2015.

[silvics-21] Russell M. Burns and Barbara H. Honkala (Technical Coordinators) (December 1990). "Thuja occidentalis L.: Northern White-Cedar". Silvics of North America (Agriculture Handbook 654).

[22] Hoffmann, David (2003). Medical Herbalism: Principles and Practices. Healing Arts Press. p. 588. ISBN 0-89281-749-6.

[23] Grieve, M. (1931). A Modern Herbal. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 177.

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Thuja