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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/22 23:41:20」(JST)

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Transepidermal Water Loss (TWL) or (TEWL) is a term associated with dermatology and connected sciences.^[1]

It is defined as the measurement of the quantity of water that passes from inside a body (animal or plant) through the epidermal layer (skin) to the surrounding atmosphere via diffusion and evaporation processes.

Transepidermal water loss in mammals is also known as "insensible water loss" as it is a process over which organisms have little physiological control.

Measurements of TWL may be useful for identifying skin damage caused by certain chemicals, physical insult (such as "tape stripping") or pathological conditions such as eczema, as rates of TWL increase in proportion to the level of damage. However, TWL is also affected by environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, the time of year (season variation) and the moisture content of the skin (hydration level). Therefore, care must be taken when interpreting the meaning of TWL rates.

Implications

From a clinical standpoint, TEWL measurements (the rate at which water vapor is lost from the body through the skin) are of great importance in evaluating barrier functionality.^[2] Often normal rates of TEWL are compromised due to injury, infection and/or severe damage as in the case of burns. Damage to the stratum corneum and superficial skin layers not only results in physical vulnerability, but also results in an excess rate of water loss. Therefore, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and conditions such as anhydremia or concentration of the blood are often critical issues for healthcare providers to consider in the treatment of burn patients,.^[3]^[4] TEWL is of major concern in public health, considering the relatively high rate of burn incidence among communities in the developing world due to poor quality cooking stoves.^[5] Resources for burn care in local clinics are often scarce and depending on the affected surface area, TEWL is a major issue that can be overlooked. Furthermore, TEWL is also affected by variations in sweat gland activity, temperature, and metabolism.^[6] Therefore trans-epidermal water loss becomes a significant factor in dehydration associated with several major disease states.

Acronym confusion

There is at present some confusion over the correct acronym for Transepidermal Water Loss, with some references using TWL others using TEWL. It is thought that TEWL is often used to avoid confusion with the term 'Total Water Loss' commonly used in some disciplines.

References

^ Fluhr, Joachim; Berardesca, Enzo; Elsner, Peter; Maibach, Howard I. (2004). Bioengineering of the skin: water and stratum corneum (2 ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1443-7.
^ Gioia, Francesco and Leonardo Celleno (2002) The dynamics of TEWL from hydrated skin. Skin Research and Technology Vol. 8 pp. 178-186
^ Underhill, Frank P. (1927) The Significance of Anhydremia in Extensive Superficial Burns Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 95 No. 12.
^ Artz, Lieut. Col. Curtis P. and Capt. Harry S. Soroff (MC) (1955) Modern Concepts in the Treatment of Burns Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 159 No. 5
^ Ahuja, Rajeev B. and Sameek Bhattacharya (2004) Burns in the developing world and burn disasters British Medical Journal Vol. 329.
^ Chilcott, Robert et al. (2002) Transepidermal water loss does not correlate with skin barrier function in vitro The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Vol. 118 pp. 871-875

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における刺激性接触皮膚炎 irritant contact dermatitis in adults
2. 小児における短腸症候群の慢性合併症 chronic complications of the short bowel syndrome in children
3. アトピー性皮膚炎（湿疹）の疫学、臨床症状、および診断 epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of atopic dermatitis eczema

English Journal

Specific IgG and IgA of common foods in Chinese children with eczema: Friend or foe.

Hon KL, Poon TC, Pong NH, Wong YH, Leung SS, Chow CM, Leung TF.Author information Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong.AbstractAbstract Background: Specific immunoglobulins G and A (IgG and IgA) for common food items have been extensively measured as surrogate markers of food allergy, and dietary avoidance based on the test results advocated. Aim: We reviewed the prevalence of specific food IgG and IgA in children with eczema and evaluated outcome of dietary avoidance in these children. Methods: Specific immunoglobulins of 96 food items were measured for 30 consecutive atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and disease severity [SCORing atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) and Nottingham eczema severity score (NESS)], Children Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI), skin hydration (SH), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), topical corticosteroid and oral antihistamine usage were evaluated. Twenty seven of these patients received dietary avoidance advice based on IgG and IgA data. General acceptability of treatment (GAT) was documented at the end of 3 months. Results: There were generally no correlations among levels of IgG or IgA of the 96 food items and disease severity, quality of life, SH or TEWL. Two-third patients reported very good or good and one-third reported fair or poor GAT following dietary avoidance advice. There was no difference in any clinical parameters between the two groups following dietary avoidance. Patient with lower sunflower seed IgA (p = 0.043), casein IgG (p = 0.041), milk IgG (p = 0.037) or whey IgG (p = 0.014) had improved SCORAD and objective SCORAD following dietary advice. Conclusion: Children with AD are sensitized to many food allergens via IgG and IgA mechanisms. Levels of food IgG or IgA do not seem to correlate with any clinical parameters in AD. Subjectively, two third of patients accepted dietary manipulations as very good or good for their AD. Objectively, dietary avoidance had few clinical effects on the clinical parameters. Sensitization should not be generalized to mean allergy to common food.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):462-6. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.848262. Epub 2013 Nov 15.
Abstract Background: Specific immunoglobulins G and A (IgG and IgA) for common food items have been extensively measured as surrogate markers of food allergy, and dietary avoidance based on the test results advocated. Aim: We reviewed the prevalence of specific food IgG and IgA in children with ecze
PMID 24237254

Confirmed efficacy of topical nifedipine in the treatment of facial wrinkles.

Calabrò G, De Vita V, Patalano A, Mazzella C, Lo Conte V, Antropoli C.Author information Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.AbstractIntroduction: Over the past two decades, there has been increasing demand for aesthetic procedures to reverse the effects of aging, particularly in the facial area. Recently, topical nifedipine has been proposed for its anti-wrinkle efficacy. Objective: To confirm the anti-wrinkle efficacy of a 0.5% nifedipine-based topical formulation. Materials and methods: A randomized study was conducted in 20 healthy female volunteers, aged between 45 and 60 years, with moderate to moderately severe facial wrinkles. 10 volunteers applied a 0.5% nifedipine cream and 10 volunteers applied a good moisturizer twice daily for 90 days. The aesthetic improvement was evaluated by a blinded investigator using the Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS). Anti-wrinkles effectiveness was also objectively assessed by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL), moisture levels of the stratum corneum, skin viscoelasticity and skin folding capacity by instrumental analysis. Results: Post-treatment WSRS score was significantly lower than the baseline WSRS score only in the nifedipine group. The mean WSRS score at T0 was 3.85 and at T3 1.84 in the nifedipine group, while the mean WSRS score at T0 was 3.78 and at T3 3.36 in the control group. Corneometry showed significant increases in measures of skin hydration and TEWL values decreased in all the patients of both groups, indicating a trend toward improved integrity of skin. Dermolab® recorded significant increases in measures of skin hydration in the nifedipine group and a lower increase in the control group. The colorimetric evaluation showed that use of the tested product resulted in significant overall lightening of the skin during use compared with baseline, while the moisturizer didn't produce any change of skin lightening parameters. Conclusion: The tested topical preparation is effective in reducing facial wrinkles' depth and in increasing skin hydration and elasticity.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Aug;25(4):319-25. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.802759. Epub 2013 Jun 2.
Introduction: Over the past two decades, there has been increasing demand for aesthetic procedures to reverse the effects of aging, particularly in the facial area. Recently, topical nifedipine has been proposed for its anti-wrinkle efficacy. Objective: To confirm the anti-wrinkle efficacy of a 0.5%
PMID 23688162

Mechanistic investigation and reversible effect of 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl heptanoate on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of indomethacin.

Jiang J, Quan P, Chen Y, Fang L.Author information Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang, Liaoning , People's Republic of China.AbstractAbstract In the present study, the enhancing effect of 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl heptanoate (M-HEP) on the percutaneous absorption of indomethacin (IM) was evaluated by the in vitro penetration experiments using the rat abdominal skin as a barrier. Partition experiment, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrum and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), was employed to investigate the possible mechanisms of the action of M-HEP. Furthermore, the reversible effect of M-HEP on excised rat skin was also evaluated through in vitro permeation as a preliminary indicator of safety. The result of in vitro permeation experiment indicated that, 10% (w/w) M-HEP in combination with isopropyl palmitate (IPP) significantly increased (p < 0.05), the cumulative amount of IM in comparison with the control group (IPP only). The partition coefficient of IM between the stratum corneum (SC) and enhancer solution was also greater than that between the SC and IPP. A blue shift in the ATR-FTIR spectra of SC after treatment with M-HEP solution was observed at the CH2 band, which indicating that M-HEP disrupted the intercellular lipid structure of the SC. In addition, both M-HEP/IPP and L-menthol (MT)/IPP improved the TEWL value of rat abdominal skin. After removal of M-HEP, the skin barrier function would be restored in 8 h. In conclusion, M-HEP could reversibly enhance the percutaneous absorption of IM by increasing the partitioning of IM into the SC from enhancer solution and disturbing the organized structure of SC lipids and the reversibility of M-HEP was better than MT.
Drug delivery.Drug Deliv.2014 Feb;21(1):26-33. doi: 10.3109/10717544.2013.840691. Epub 2013 Oct 17.
Abstract In the present study, the enhancing effect of 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl heptanoate (M-HEP) on the percutaneous absorption of indomethacin (IM) was evaluated by the in vitro penetration experiments using the rat abdominal skin as a barrier. Partition experiment, attenuated total reflect
PMID 24134638

Japanese Journal

Sparassis crispa (Hanabiratake) Ameliorates Skin Conditions in Rats and Humans

KIMURA Takashi,HASHIMOTO Mamiko,YAMADA Munenori [他]
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 77(9), 1961-1963, 2013-09
NAID 40019809832

ポリクオタニウム-10とその他の保湿成分を含む液体入浴剤の連日使用による皮膚保湿効果

熊谷淳子,北口明宏,関太輔
日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌 76(4), 281-286, 2013-08
NAID 40019799461

TEWL抑制効果の高い液状油の開発 (特集新たな化粧品原料の開発(PART 2))

山崎里香,荒平奈々,川合清隆
Fragrance journal 41(5), 38-41, 2013-05
NAID 40019690628

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「経表皮水分蒸散量」
関連記事	「TE」

「経表皮水分蒸散量」

　　[★]

英: transepidermal water loss TEWL

[show details]

経表皮水分喪失 TEWL : 約 2,350 件
経表皮水分喪失量 TEWL : 約 2,330 件
経表皮水分蒸散 TEWL : 約 3,670 件
経表皮水分蒸散量 TEWL : 約 7,790 件
経皮水分喪失 TEWL : 47 件
経皮水分喪失量 TEWL : 51 件
経皮水分蒸散 TEWL : 約 17,500 件
経皮水分蒸散量 TEWL : 約 5,570 件
経表皮水分喪失 : 約 26,800 件
経表皮水分喪失量 : 約 4,240 件
経表皮水分蒸散 : 約 18,000 件
経表皮水分蒸散量 : 約 16,800 件
経皮水分喪失 : 約 8,830 件
経皮水分喪失量 : 93 件
経皮水分蒸散 : 約 41,900 件
経皮水分蒸散量 : 約 11,900 件

「TE」

　　[★] エコー時間 echo time

[1] Fluhr, Joachim; Berardesca, Enzo; Elsner, Peter; Maibach, Howard I. (2004). Bioengineering of the skin: water and stratum corneum (2 ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1443-7.

[2] Gioia, Francesco and Leonardo Celleno (2002) The dynamics of TEWL from hydrated skin. Skin Research and Technology Vol. 8 pp. 178-186

[3] Underhill, Frank P. (1927) The Significance of Anhydremia in Extensive Superficial Burns Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 95 No. 12.

[4] Artz, Lieut. Col. Curtis P. and Capt. Harry S. Soroff (MC) (1955) Modern Concepts in the Treatment of Burns Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 159 No. 5

[5] Ahuja, Rajeev B. and Sameek Bhattacharya (2004) Burns in the developing world and burn disasters British Medical Journal Vol. 329.

[6] Chilcott, Robert et al. (2002) Transepidermal water loss does not correlate with skin barrier function in vitro The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Vol. 118 pp. 871-875

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TEWL