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spherical Gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies; some cause boils or septicemia or infections (同)staphylococci, staph

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ブドウ状球菌

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/18 16:38:41」(JST)

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Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS).^[2] It is part of the skin flora of humans,^[3] and its largest populations are usually found at the axillae, perineum, and inguinal areas.^[4] S. haemolyticus also colonizes primates and domestic animals.^[4] It is a well-known opportunistic pathogen, and is the second most frequently isolated CoNS (S. epidermidis is the first).^[5] Infections can be localized or systemic, and are often associated with the insertion of medical devices.^[6]^[7]^[8] The highly antibiotic resistant phenotype and ability to form biofilms make S. haemolyticus a difficult pathogen to treat.^[5]

Biology and biochemistry

S. haemolyticus is non-motile, non-sporulating, facultatively anaerobic, and Gram-stain positive. Cells are typically coccus-shaped and range from 0.8-1.3 μm in diameter. It lives on a wide variety of substrates, including (but not limited to): glucose, glycerol, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose. It also tests positive for acetoin production, arginine, dihydrolase, benzidine, catalase, hemolysis, and lipase; it tests negative for coagulase, DNase, ornithine decarboxylase, phosphatase, urease, and oxidase.^[2]

Growth conditions

Optimal growth occurs between 30-40°C in the presence of oxygen and 10% NaCl. However, some strains can grow at temperatures that range between 18-45°C. Growth at 15°C or 15% NaCl is poor or absent.^[2]

Genome structure

The S. haemolyticus strain JCSC1435 genome contains a 2,685,015 bp chromosome and three plasmids of 2,300 bp, 2,366 bp, and 8,180 bp. The chromosome is comparable in size to those of S. aureus and S. epidermidis and contains a similar G+C content. In addition, a large proportion of the ORFs are conserved across all three species. On average, orthologous ORFs are 78% identical. However, S. haemolyticus does have unique chromosome regions distributed near oriC (the origin of chromosomal DNA replication), and these regions are collectively referred to as the “oriC environ”.^[9]

As noted, there are also S. haemolyticus ORFs that differ from S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Some of these ORFs encode gene products with known biological features, such as the regulation of RNA synthesis, the transport of ribose and ribitol, and the essential components of nucleic acid and cell wall teichoic acid biosynthesis. Other unique ORFs likely encode products involved with bacterial pathogenesis and at least three of these ORFs show homology to staphylococcal hemolysins.^[9]

The S. haemolyticus genome also contains many insertion sequences (ISs). These IS elements may promote frequent genomic rearrangements which accelerate the diversification of the species. Theoretically, these adaptations might help S. haemolyticus overcome the adverse effects of chemical exposure (i.e. the use of antibiotics). The table below contains a list of genes that are known to be associated with S. haemolyticus antibiotic resistance.^[9]^[10]

Class	Antimicrobial Agent	MIC (mg/L)	ORF ID	Gene Name	Product	Location
Penicillins	Oxacillin	>512	SH0091	mecA	Penicillin-binding protein 2'	ΨSCCmec(h1435)
	Ampicillin	64	SH1764	blaZ	β-Lactamase	Tn552
	methicillin			mecA	Penicillin-binding protein 2'	ΨSCCmec(h1435)
Cephalosporins	Ceftizoxime	>512	SH0091	mecA	Penicillin-binding protein 2'	ΨSCCmec(h1435)
Macrolides	Erythromycin	>512	pSHaeB1	ermC	rRNA adenine N-6-methyltransferase	Plasmid pSHaeB
			SH2305	msrSA	ATP-dependent efflux system	πSh1
			SH2306	mphBM	Macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase	πSh1
Quinolones	Ofloxacin	8	SH0006	gyrA	DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) subunit A (point mutation C7313T)
			SH1553	parC (grlA)	Topoisomerase IV subunit A (point mutation G1598138A)
Tetracyclines	Tetracycline	2
	Minocycline	0.5
Aminoglycosides	Kanamycin	>512	SH1611	aacA-aphD	Bifunctional aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase and aminoglycoside phosphotransferase	Tn4001
	Tobramycin	16	SH1611	aacA-aphD	Bifunctional	Tn4001
	Gentamicin	64	SH1611	aacA-aphD	Bifunctional	Tn4001
Glycopeptides	Vancomycin	4
	Teicoplanin	64
Fosfomycin	Fosfomycin	>512	pSHaeA1	fosB	Glutathione transferase	Plasmid pSHaeA

Cell wall

Like other Gram-positive microbes, S. haemolyticus has a thick, rather homogenous, cell wall (~60-80 nm) composed of peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and protein. Peptidoglycan of group A3 (with L-lysine as the diamino acid in position 3 of the peptide subunit and a glycine-rich interpeptide bridge) is a characteristic feature of this microbe, and the two predominant cross bridges are COOH-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-NH2 and COOH-Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-NH2.^[2]^[11] Alterations of these cross bridges are implicated in glycopeptide resistance.^[11] S. haemolyticus teichoic acids are water-soluble polymers with repeating phosphodiester groups covalently linked to peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan type L-Lys-Gly 3.5-4.0, L-Ser0.9-1.5 Teichoic acid contains both glycerol and N-acetylglucosamine. The major cell wall fatty acids are CBr-15, CBr-17, C18, and C20.^[2]

Capsule

Certain strains of S. haemolyticus are capable of producing a capsular polysaccharide (CP).^[9]^[12] S. haemolyticus strain JCSC1435 contains a capsule operon located within the “oriC environ”.^[9] This operon contains 13 ORFs in a 14,652 bp region and is referred to as the cap_sh locus. The first seven genes of cap_sh (capA_sh through capG_sh) are homologous to the S. aureus cap5 or cap8 locus. However, capH through capM are unique to S. haemolyticus,^[9] and this region encodes enzymes for a unique trideoxy sugar residue that is N-acylated by aspartic acid.^[12]

CP production is influenced by culture medium and growth phase. Cultivation in TSB, TSB with 1% glucose, brain heart infusion broth, or Columbia broth with 2% NaCl favors the production of CP; cultivation on Columbia salt agar plates is suboptimal. Only trace amounts of CP are generated before the end of exponential phase, and the maximal rate of CP production does not occur until early stationary phase.^[12]

CP is considered a virulence factor because it provides resistance against complement-mediated PMN phagocytosis.

Biofilm formation

The ability to adhere to medical devices and subsequently form biofilms is a major virulence factor associated with S. haemolyticus.^[3]^[5]^[13]^[14] Biofilm formation increases antibiotic resistance^[5]^[13]^[14] and often leads to persistent infections.^[15]^[16] S. haemolyticus biofilms are not polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) dependent, and the lack of the ica operon (the gene cluster that encodes the production of PIA) can be used to distinguish S. haemolyticus isolates from other CoNS species.^[3]^[12]^[14]

Biofilm formation is influenced by a variety of factors including carbohydrates, proteins, and extracellular DNA. Detachment assays with NaIO₄, proteinase K, or DNase result in 38%, 98%, and 100% detachment, respectively. The high level of detachment associated with DNase treatment has led several authors to suggest a cell-to-surface and/or cell-to-cell adhesion function for extracellular DNA. Biofilm formation also appears to be influenced by the presence of glucose and NaCl. Biofilm formation is enhanced when cultivated in TSB with 1% glucose and decreased when cultivated in TSB with 3% NaCl.^[14] The production of a capsular polysaccharide decreases biofilm formation.^[12]

Subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of the antibiotic dicloxacillin also affect the growth of S. haemolyticus biofilms. Biofilms formed in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of dicloxacillin contain less biomass and have an altered composition. They are thinner, cover less surface area, and are less hydrophobic, but they also have an increased level of resistance to dicloxacillin.^[13]

Toxins

Some S. haemolyticus strains produce enterotoxins (SE) and/or hemolysins.^[9]^[17] In a study of 64 S. haemolyticus strains, production of SEA, SEB, SEC, and/or SEE was noted (only SED was absent). In addition, 31.3% of the strains were found to produce at least one type of enterotoxin.^[17]

Identification

S. haemolyticus can be identified on the species level using a variety of manual and automated methods. The most frequently employed are as follows: the reference method (based on growth tests), API ID 32 Staph (bioMe´rieux), Staph-Zym (Rosco), UZA (a rapid 4-h method), and PCR and electrophoretic analysis of the 16S rRNA, hsp60, or sodA gene sequence. Preference towards a particular method usually depends on convenience, economics, and required specificity (some species have identical 16S rRNA).^[7]^[18]

Name of Method	Tests Performed	Interpretation of Results
Reference	16 conventional growth tests including: colony pigment, DNase, alkaline phosphatase, ornithine decarboxylase, urease, acetoin production, novobiocin resistance, polymyxin resistance, and acid production from D-trehalose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, D-turanose, D-xylose, D-cellobiose, maltose, and sucrose	Results are compared to the literature on Staphylococcal species^[18]
API ID 32 Staph (bioMe´rieux)	A bacterial suspension is added to a set of wells containing dried substrates for 26 colorimetric tests.	After 24 hours of incubation at 37°, and the addition of a few other reagents, the results are determined by an automated computer using APILAB ID 32 software^[18]
Staph-Zym (Rosco)	A bacterial suspension is added to minitubes for 10 metabolic or enzymatic tests	The results are determined by color changes, after 24 hours of incubation, and tests for polymyxin and novobiocin susceptibility^[18]
UZA (a rapid 4-h method)	This method is a two step process. Step one consists of three tests measured after four hours incubation at 37°: acid production from D-trehalose, urease, and alkaline phosphatase. Step two includes four possible tests, which are administered as needed after 24 hours of incubation at 37°. They are as follows: ornithine decarboxylase, novobiocin susceptibility, fosfomycin susceptibility, and anaerobic growth	Results are compared to the literature on Staphylococcal species^[18]
PCR and Electrophoresis	Uses gene specific degenerate primers to amplify pieces of DNA. These fragments are resolved using electrophoresis, and then purified for DNA sequencing	Results are determined by a sequence analysis^[7]

Clinical importance

S. haemolyticus is the second-most clinically isolated CoNS (S. epidermidis is the first) and it is considered an important nosocomial pathogen.^[19] Human infections include: native valve endocarditis, septicemia, peritonitis, and urinary tract, wound, bone, and joint infection.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[12] Infrequent soft-tissue infections usually occur in immunocompromised patients.^[20] Like other CoNS, S. haemolyticus is often associated with the insertion of foreign bodies, such as prosthetic valves, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, orthopedic prostheses, and intravascular, urinary, and dialysis catheters.^[6]^[7]^[8] S. haemolyticus is multi-drug resistant^[21] and able to form biofilms, which makes infections especially difficult to treat.^[16]

Vascular catheter-associated infections

Staphylococcus on catheter

S. haemolyticus can colonize central venous catheters and cause serious medical complications. Colonization occurs when S. haemolyticus migrates from the skin, along the external surface of the device, or from the hub, due to manipulation by health care workers. In either scenario, there is a high probability that the microbe will form a biofilm. These infections can remain localized or become systemic (i.e. bacteremia). The severity of infection varies depending on the type of catheter, frequency of manipulation, and virulence factors of the S. haemolyticus strain. Removal of the catheter is usually considered to be the best treatment, but this is not always possible. Alternatively, Vancomycin or Teicoplanin may be administered.^[8] Recent evidence suggests that glycopeptides can be supplemented with β-lactams to work synergistically.^[19]

Antibiotic resistance

S. haemolyticus has the highest level of antibiotic resistance among the CoNS.^[14] Various strains are resistant to one or more of the following antibiotics: penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, and fosfomycin (see table in Genome Structure),^[5]^[9]^[21]^[22] and multidrug resistance is common.^[21] As indicated above, even glycopeptide (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin) resistant strains have begun to emerge.^[6]^[19]^[23]^[24] Meropenem would be suitable for

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Paul De Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer and William B. Whitman, ed. (2009). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 3 The Firmicutes (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-95041-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d de Silva et al. (2002). "The ica Operon and Biofilm Production in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Associated with Carriage and Disease in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit". Journal of Clinical Microbiology (American Society for Microbiology) 40 (2): 382–388. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.2.382-388.2002.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fischetti, A.; Novick, R. P.; Ferretti, J. J.; Portnoy, D. A.; Rood, J. I.; Lina, G.; Etienne, J.; Vandenesch, F. (2000). "Biology and pathogenicity of staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis". Gram-positive pathogens. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. pp. 450–462. ISBN 978-1-55581-166-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f de Allori et al. (2006). "Antimicrobial Resistance and Production of Biofilms in Clinical Isolates of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Strains". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29 (8): 1592–1596. doi:10.1248/bpb.29.1592.
^ ^a ^b ^c Falcone et al. (2006). "Teicoplanin use and emergence of Staphylococcus haemolyticus: is there a link?". Clin Microbiol Infect. 12 (1): 96–97. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01307.x. PMID 16460556.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Poyart et al. (2001). "Rapid and Accurate Species-Level Identification of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci by Using the sodA Gene as a Target". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (American Society for Microbiology) 39 (12): 4296–4301. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.12.4296-4301.2001. PMC 88539. PMID 11724835.
^ ^a ^b ^c Viale, P.; Stefani, S. (2006). "Vascular catheter-associated infections: a microbiological and therapeutic update". J Chemother. (Department of Medical and Morphological Research, Medical School, University of Udine, Italy) 18 (3): 235–49. doi:10.1179/joc.2006.18.3.235. PMID 17129833.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Takeuchi et al. (2005). "Whole-Genome Sequencing of Staphylococcus haemolyticus Uncovers the Extreme Plasticity of Its Genome and the Evolution of Human-Colonizing Staphylococcal Species". Journal of Bacteriology (American Society for Microbiology) 187 (21): 7292–7308. doi:10.1128/JB.187.21.7292-7308.2005. PMC 1272970. PMID 16237012.
^ Bouchami et al. (2011). "Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bacteremic patients in oncohematology". Folia Microbiol 56 (2): 122–30. doi:10.1007/s12223-011-0017-1. PMID 21431912.
^ ^a ^b Billet-klein et al. (1996). "Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Structure in Staphylococcus haemolyticus Expressing Increasing Levels of Resistance to Glycopeptide Antibiotics". JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY (American Society for Microbiology) 178 (15): 4696–4703.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Flahaut et al. (2008). "Structural and Biological Characterization of a Capsular Polysaccharide Produced by Staphylococcus haemolyticus". JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY (American Society for Microbiology) 190 (5): 1649–1657. doi:10.1128/JB.01648-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cerca et al. (2005). "Comparative assessment of antibiotic susceptibility of coagulasenegative staphylococci in biofilm versus planktonic culture as assessed by bacterial enumeration or rapid XTT colorimetry". J Antimicrob Chemother 56 (2): 331–336. doi:10.1093/jac/dki217. PMC 1317301. PMID 15980094.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fredheim et al. (2009). "Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus haemolyticus". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (American Society for Microbiology) 47 (4): 1172–1180. doi:10.1128/JCM.01891-08.
^ Costerton et al. (1999). "Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections". Science 284 (5418): 1318–1322. doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1318. PMID 10334980.
^ ^a ^b Klingenberg et al. (2007). "Persistent strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care unit: virulence factors and invasiveness". Clin Microbiol Infect 13 (11): 1100–11. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01818.x. PMID 17850346.
^ ^a ^b Valle et al. (1990). "Enterotoxin Production by Staphylococci Isolated from Healthy Goats". Applied and Environmental Microbiology (American Society for Microbiology) 56 (5): 1323–1326. PMC 184403. PMID 2339886.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ieven et al. (1995). "Rapid and Economical Method for Species Identification of Clinically Significant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (American Society for Microbiology) 33 (5): 1060–1063. PMC 228104. PMID 7615705.
^ ^a ^b ^c C. Vignaroli, F. Biavasco, and P. E. Varaldo (2006). "Interactions between Glycopeptides and β-Lactams against Isogenic Pairs of Teicoplanin-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (American Society for Microbiology) 50 (7): 2577–2582. doi:10.1128/AAC.00260-06. PMC 1489795. PMID 16801450.
^ Rolston KVI, Bodey GP. (2003). "Infections in Patients with Cancer". In Kufe DW et al. Cancer Medicine (6th ed.). BC Decker. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Froggatt JW, Johnston JL, Galetto DW, Archer GL (1989). "Antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33 (4): 460–6. doi:10.1128/aac.33.4.460. PMC 172460. PMID 2729941.
^ Raponi et al. (2005). "Antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical and genetic profiles of Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains isolated from the bloodstream of patients hospitalized in critical care units". J Chemother 17 (3): 264–9. doi:10.1179/joc.2005.17.3.264. PMID 16038519.
^ Chiew et al. (2007). "Detection of vancomycin heteroresistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus and vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis by means of vancomycin screening agar". Pathology 39 (3): 375–7. doi:10.1080/00313020701330441. PMID 17558874.
^ Sieradzki, Krzysztof; Villari, Paolo; Tomasz, Alexander (1998). "Decreased Susceptibilities to Teicoplanin and Vancomycin among Coagulase-Negative Methicillin-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Staphylococci". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (American Society for Microbiology) 42 (1): 100–107. PMC 105463. PMID 9449268.

External links

Staphylococcus haemolyticus genome

UpToDate Contents

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1. コアグラーゼ陰性ブドウ球菌の微生物学、病因、および疫学 microbiology pathogenesis and epidemiology of coagulase negative staphylococci
2. コアグラーゼ陰性ブドウ球菌による感染症の治療 treatment of infections due to coagulase negative staphylococci
3. メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌の微生物学 microbiology of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

English Journal

Characterization of the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Composite Island of Staphylococcus haemolyticus SH32, a Methicillin-Resistant Clinical Isolate from China.

Yu D1, Pi B2, Chen Y3, Wang Y2, Ruan Z2, Otto M4, Yu Y2.Author information 1Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China ; Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.2Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.3Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.4National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.AbstractStaphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) elements contribute considerably to virulence and resistance to antibiotic agents in staphylococci. SCC elements in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are highly diverse and there is evidence suggesting that they serve as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, only a small number of SCC elements have been characterized in CoNS and their exact roles in the emergence and evolution of MRSA remain to be demonstrated. Here, we determined the structure of an SCC composite island (CI SH32 ) found in the clinical Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate SH32 by whole-genome DNA sequencing. CI SH32 was 48 kb in length and mainly composed of two imperfect SCC elements, namely (i) a ΨSCCmec(SH32) part containing a class C1 mec gene complex but lacking ccr genes and (ii) a SCC SH32 part with a ccrA5B3 gene complex but lacking mec genes. In addition, CI SH32 contained a type III restriction-modification system and several resistance loci, for example genes conferring resistance to cadmium and arsenic. ΨSCCmec(SH32) is almost entirely identical to a pseudo SCCmec element found in S. haemolyticus WCH1 and shares pronounced sequence similarity to a ΨSCCmec element of S. haemolyticus JCSC1435. However, staphylococci other than S. haemolyticus, including S. aureus and S. epidermidis, contain homologs of SCC SH32 that are more similar to SCC SH32 than those elements found in S. haemolyticus, suggesting that CI SH32 of S. haemolyticus SH32 was assembled in recent evolutionary events. Moreover, the composite structure of CI SH32 indicates that the detection of class C1 mec and ccrA5B3 gene complexes in S. haemolyticus does not always indicate the existence of a UT9-type SCCmec element, which has remained questionable.
PloS one.PLoS One.2014 Jan 23;9(1):e87346. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087346. eCollection 2014.
Staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) elements contribute considerably to virulence and resistance to antibiotic agents in staphylococci. SCC elements in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are highly diverse and there is evidence suggesting that they serve as a reservoir for antibiotic resis
PMID 24466348

Microbial diversity and dynamics during the production of May bryndza cheese.

Pangallo D1, Saková N2, Koreňová J3, Puškárová A1, Kraková L1, Valík L4, Kuchta T3.Author information 1Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia.2Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Food Research Institute, Priemyselná 4, P. O. Box 25, 824 75 Bratislava 26, Slovakia.4Department of Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.AbstractDiversity and dynamics of microbial cultures were studied during the production of May bryndza cheese, a traditional Slovak cheese produced from unpasteurized ewes' milk. Quantitative culture-based data were obtained for lactobacilli, lactococci, total mesophilic aerobic counts, coliforms, E. coli, staphylococci, coagulase-positive staphylococci, yeasts, fungi and Geotrichum spp. in ewes' milk, curd produced from it and ripened for 0 - 10 days, and in bryndza cheese produced from the curd, in three consecutive batches. Diversity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes in selected stages of the production was studied by non-culture approach based on amplification of 16S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer region, coupled to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. The culture-based data demonstrated an overall trend of growth of the microbial population contributing to lactic acid production and to ripening of the cheese, lactobacilli, lactococci and Geotrichum spp. growing up to densities of 10(8) CFU/g, 10(9) CFU/g and 10(5) CFU/g, respectively, in all three consecutive batches of bryndza cheese. The diversity of bacteria encompassed Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter guillouiae, Acinetobacter sp., Acinetobacter johnsonii, Citrobacter braakii, Clostridium bartlettii, Corynebacterium callunae, Corynebacterium maris, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus pallens, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Hafnia alvei, Kluyvera cryocrescens, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactococcus garvieae, Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis, "Leuconostoc garlicum", Mannheimia glucosida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pseudomonas sp., Ps. fluorescens, "Ps. reactans", Raoultella ornithinolytica, R. terrigena, "Rothia arfidiae", Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis, Staph. felis, Staph. pasteuri, Staph. sciuri, Staph. xylosus, Streptococcus parauberis, Str. thermophilus and Variovorax paradoxus. The diversity of yeasts and fungi encompassed Alternaria alternata, "Ascomycete sp.", Aspergillus fumigatus, Beauveria brongniartii, Candida xylopsoci, C. inconspicua, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Debaromyces hansenii, Fomes fomentarius, Galactomyces candidus, Gymnoascus reesii, Chaetomium globosum, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Metarhizium anisopliae, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. camemberti, P. freii, P. polonicum, P. viridicatum, Pichia kudriavzevii, Sordaria alcina, Trichosporon lactis and Yarrowia lipolytica.
International journal of food microbiology.Int J Food Microbiol.2014 Jan 17;170:38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.10.015. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
Diversity and dynamics of microbial cultures were studied during the production of May bryndza cheese, a traditional Slovak cheese produced from unpasteurized ewes' milk. Quantitative culture-based data were obtained for lactobacilli, lactococci, total mesophilic aerobic counts, coliforms, E. coli,
PMID 24291178

Patient nostril microbial flora: individual-dependency and diversity precluding prediction of Staphylococcus aureus acquisition.

Alvarez AS, Remy L, Allix-Béguec C, Ligier C, Dupont C, Leminor O, Lawrence C, Supply P, Guillemot D, Gaillard JL, Salomon J, Herrmann JL.Author information University of Versailles St Quentin in Yvelines and UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Microbiology Laboratory, Garches, France.AbstractThe potential role of a patient's resident microbial flora in the risk of acquiring multiresistant bacteria (MRB) during hospitalization is unclear. We investigated this role by cross-sectional study of 103 patients at risk of acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), resistant (MRSA) or not (MSSA) to methicillin, recruited in four French hospitals. The flora was analysed by an exhaustive culture-based approach combined with molecular and/or mass-spectrometry-based identification, and SA strain typing. Forty-three of the 53 SA-negative patients at entry were followed for up to 52 weeks: 19 (44.2%) remained negative for SA and 24 (55.8%) became positive, including 19 (79%) who acquired an MSSA, four (17%) who acquired an MRSA and one who acquired both (4%). Fifty-one different species were identified among the 103 patients, of which two, Corynebacterium accolens and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (p = 0.02-0.01), were more prevalent in the absence of SA. However, the same number of patients carrying or not these two species acquired an MSSA/MRSA during follow-up, regardless of antibiotic treatment received. Clustering analysis showed that the microbial flora was highly specific to each patient, and not predictive for acquisition of MSSA/MRSA or not. Patient-specific microbial resident flora is not predictive of SA acquisition.
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.Clin Microbiol Infect.2014 Jan;20(1):70-8. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12208. Epub 2013 Apr 18.
The potential role of a patient's resident microbial flora in the risk of acquiring multiresistant bacteria (MRB) during hospitalization is unclear. We investigated this role by cross-sectional study of 103 patients at risk of acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), resistant (MRSA) or not (MSSA)
PMID 23601162

Japanese Journal

Facile Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Naturally Occurring 5-Methoxyfuroflavone

Alam Mohammad Sayed,Lee Dong-Ung
CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 58(12), 1643-1645, 2010
… Antibacterial activities of the above compound and its precursor chalcones, which also belongs to the class of furoflavonoids, were tested by the disc diffusion method against Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus-β-haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus aureus. …
NAID 130000405696

経皮的ドレナージにて救命し得た脾膿瘍の1例

真鍋麻紀,法正恵子,河口剛一郎,大谷英之,前田和範,八杉晶子,村脇義之,松本和也,香田正晴,原田賢一,八島一夫,村脇義和
日本消化器病學會雜誌 = The Japanese journal of gastro-enterology 106(2), 247-252, 2009-02-05
… 症例は86歳，男性．心臓カテーテル検査の3週間後に脾膿瘍を発症し，ショック状態となった．エコーガイド下に緊急膿瘍ドレナージ術を行い，全身状態は急速に改善し，第32病日退院となった．起炎菌はStaphylococcus haemolyticusが考えられた．脾膿瘍に対して経皮的ドレナージが著効したので，文献的考察を加え報告する． …
NAID 10024850607

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「スタフィロコッカス・ヘモリチカス」
関連記事	「Staphylococcus」「haemolytic」

「スタフィロコッカス・ヘモリチカス」

Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Firmicutes
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Bacillales
Family:	Staphylococcaceae
Genus:	Staphylococcus
Species:	S. haemolyticus
Binomial name
	Staphylococcus haemolyticus; Schleifer & Kloos, 1975

　　[★]

ラ: Staphylococcus haemolyticus

「Staphylococcus」

　　[★] スタフィロコッカス属、ブドウ球菌

「haemolytic」

　　[★]

溶血性の

関: hemolytic

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[Sieradzki-24] Sieradzki, Krzysztof; Villari, Paolo; Tomasz, Alexander (1998). "Decreased Susceptibilities to Teicoplanin and Vancomycin among Coagulase-Negative Methicillin-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Staphylococci". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (American Society for Microbiology) 42 (1): 100–107. PMC 105463. PMID 9449268.

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案内

Staphylococcus haemolyticus