スピロプラズマ科
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/22 21:17:05」(JST)
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| Spiroplasma |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Tenericutes |
| Class: |
Mollicutes |
| Order: |
Entomoplasmatales |
| Family: |
Spiroplasmataceae |
| Genus: |
Spiroplasma |
Spiroplasma is a genus of Mollicutes, a group of small bacteria without cell walls. Spiroplasma shares the simple metabolism, parasitic lifestyle, fried-egg colony morphology and small genome of other Mollicutes, but has a distinctive helical morphology, unlike Mycoplasma. It has a spiral shape and moves in a corkscrew motion. Most spiroplasmas are found either in the gut or haemolymph of insects, or in the phloem of plants. Spiroplasmas are fastidious organisms, which require a rich culture medium. Typically they grow well at 30 °C, but not at 37 °C. A few species, notably Spiroplasma mirum, grow well at 37 °C (human body temperature), and cause cataracts and neurological damage in suckling mice. The best studied species of spiroplasmas are Spiroplasma citri, the causative agent of Citrus Stubborn Disease, and Spiroplasma kunkelii, the causative agent of Corn Stunt Disease.
Contents
- 1 Human pathogenicity
- 2 Insect symbioses
- 3 see also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Human pathogenicity
Corn Stunt Spiroplasma in phloem cells. Thick section (0.4 micrometers) observed in a TEM. Magnified 75,000X.
There is some disputed evidence for the role of spiroplasmas in the etiology of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), due primarily to the work of Dr. Bastian, summarized below. Other researchers have failed to replicate this work, while the prion model for TSEs has gained very wide acceptance.[1] A 2006 study appears to refute the role of spiroplasmas in the best small animal scrapie model (hamsters).[2] Bastian et al. (2007) have responded to this challenge with the isolation of a spiroplasma species from scrapie-infected tissue, grown it in cell-free culture, and demonstrated its infectivity in ruminants.[3]
Insect symbioses
Many Spiroplasma strains are endosymbionts of Drosophila species, with a variety of host-altering mechanisms similar to Wolbachia. Currently, a Spiroplasma species is receiving attention for its protective effects against parasitic nematodes in the fruit fly Drosophila neotestacea as a model for evolution through symbiosis.[4] The Spiroplasma species restores fertility in flies infected with nematodes that otherwise sterilize females. This case study highlights a growing movement to consider heritable symbionts as important drivers in patterns of evolution.[5][6] Spiroplasma are found in many insects and arthropods, including the Plain Tiger butterfly. When infected, male butterfly offspring are killed by the Spiroplasma, leading to interesting consequences for population genetics and consequently speciation.[7]
see also
References
- ^ Leach, R. H.; Mathews, W. B. & Will, R. (1983): Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. "Failure to detect spiroplasmas by cultivation and serological tests. Journal of Neurological Science59(3): 349-353. PMID 6348215 (HTML abstract)
- ^ Alexeeva, I.; Elliott, E. J.; Rollins, S.; Gasparich, G. E.; Lazar, J. & Rohwer, R. G. (2006): Absence of Spiroplasma or Other Bacterial 16S rRNA Genes in Brain Tissue of Hamsters with Scrapie. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44(1): 91-97. PMID 16390954 doi:10.1128/JCM.44.1.91-97.2006 PDF fulltext
- ^ Bastian, F. O.; Sanders DE, Forbes, W.A.; Hagius, S.D.; Walker, J.V.; Henk, W.G.; Enright, F.M.& Elzer, P.H. (2007): Spiroplasma spp. from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy brains or ticks induce spongiform encephalopathy in ruminants. Journal of Medical Microbiology 56(9):1235-1252. PMID 17761489 doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47159-0
- ^ Jaenike, J.; Unckless, L.R., Cockburn, S.N., Boelio, L.M., Perlman, S.J. (2010): "Adaptation via Symbiosis: Recent Spread of a Drosophila Defensive Symbiont. Science" 329: 212-215.
- ^ Jaenike, J.; Stahlhut, J.K. Boelio, L.M., Unckless, L.R. (2010): Association between Wolbachia and Spiroplasma within Drosophila neotestacea: an emerging symbiotic mutualism? Mol. Ecol. 19(2):414-425.
- ^ Koch, H., Schmid-Hempel, P. (2011): Socially transmitted gut microbiota protect bumble bees against an intestinal parasite. PNAS 108(48): 19288-19292.
- ^ 'Jiggins, F. M.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Jiggins, C. D.; Schulenburg, J. H. G. v. D. & Majerus, M. E. N. (2000): The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected by a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology '120'(5): 439–446. doi:10.1017/S0031182099005867 (HTML abstract)
External links
- Spiroplasma may cause Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. An interview with a leading expert in infectious diseases: Frank O. Bastsian, MD.
- Spiroplasma & Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Ed Gehrman
- Spiroplasma Genome Projects from Genomes OnLine Database
- Adaptation via Symbiosis: Recent Spread of a Drosophila Defensive Symbiont
English Journal
- Relationship between honeybee nutrition and their microbial communities.
- Saraiva MA1, Zemolin AP, Franco JL, Boldo JT, Stefenon VM, Triplett EW, de Oliveira Camargo FA, Roesch LF.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.2015 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
- The microbiota and the functional genes actively involved in the process of breakdown and utilization of pollen grains in beebread and bee guts are not yet understood. The aim of this work was to assess the diversity and community structure of bacteria and archaea in Africanized honeybee guts and be
- PMID 25601048
- First detection of endosymbiotic bacteria in biting midges Culicoides pulicaris and Culicoides punctatus, important Palaearctic vectors of bluetongue virus.
- Lewis SE1, Rice A, Hurst GD, Baylis M.
- Medical and veterinary entomology.Med Vet Entomol.2014 Dec;28(4):453-6. doi: 10.1111/mve.12055. Epub 2014 Mar 11.
- Heritable bacteria have been highlighted as important components of vector biology, acting as required symbionts with an anabolic role, altering competence for disease transmission, and affecting patterns of gene flow by altering cross compatibility. In this paper, we tested eight U.K. species of Cu
- PMID 24612104
- Establishment of spiroplasma-infected hemocytes as an in vitro laboratory culture model of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis.
- Gu W1, Yao W1, Zhao Y1, Pei S1, Jiang C1, Meng Q2, Wang W3.
- Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2014 Jun 25;171(1-2):215-20. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.016. Epub 2014 Mar 25.
- Spiroplasma is a novel pathogen of commercially exploited crustaceans. To more full clarify its pathogenic mechanism at the molecular level in vitro, a spiroplasma-infected hemocytes model was developed as described here, using a modified method of hemocytes culture from the Chinese mitten crab Erio
- PMID 24731553
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