関: Spiroplasmataceae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/23 12:19:37」(JST)

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Spiroplasma is a genus of Mollicutes, a group of small bacteria without cell walls. Spiroplasma shares the simple metabolism, parasitic lifestyle, fried-egg colony morphology and small genome of other Mollicutes, but has a distinctive helical morphology, unlike Mycoplasma. It has a spiral shape and moves in a corkscrew motion. Most spiroplasmas are found either in the gut or haemolymph of insects, or in the phloem of plants. Spiroplasmas are fastidious organisms, which require a rich culture medium. Typically they grow well at 30 °C, but not at 37 °C. A few species, notably Spiroplasma mirum, grow well at 37 °C (human body temperature), and cause cataracts and neurological damage in suckling mice. The best studied species of spiroplasmas are Spiroplasma citri, the causative agent of Citrus Stubborn Disease, and Spiroplasma kunkelii, the causative agent of Corn Stunt Disease.

Human pathogenicity

Corn Stunt Spiroplasma in phloem cells. Thick section (0.4 micrometers) observed in a TEM. Magnified 75,000X.

There is some disputed evidence for the role of spiroplasmas in the etiology of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), due primarily to the work of Dr. Bastian, summarized below. Other researchers have failed to replicate this work, while the prion model for TSEs has gained very wide acceptance.^[1] A 2006 study appears to refute the role of spiroplasmas in the best small animal scrapie model (hamsters).^[2] Bastian et al. (2007) have responded to this challenge with the isolation of a spiroplasma species from scrapie-infected tissue, grown it in cell-free culture, and demonstrated its infectivity in ruminants.^[3]

Insect symbioses

Many Spiroplasma strains are endosymbionts of Drosophila species, with a variety of host-altering mechanisms similar to Wolbachia. Currently, a Spiroplasma species is receiving attention for its protective effects against parasitic nematodes in the fruit fly Drosophila neotestacea as a model for evolution through symbiosis.^[4] The Spiroplasma species restores fertility in flies infected with nematodes that otherwise sterilize females. This case study highlights a growing movement to consider heritable symbionts as important drivers in patterns of evolution.^[5]^[6] Spiroplasma are found in many insects and arthropods, including the Plain Tiger butterfly. When infected, male butterfly offspring are killed by the Spiroplasma, leading to interesting consequences for population genetics and consequently speciation.^[7]

References

^ Leach, R. H.; Mathews, W. B. & Will, R. (1983): Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. "Failure to detect spiroplasmas by cultivation and serological tests. Journal of Neurological Science59(3): 349-353. PMID 6348215 (HTML abstract)
^ Alexeeva, I.; Elliott, E. J.; Rollins, S.; Gasparich, G. E.; Lazar, J. & Rohwer, R. G. (2006): Absence of Spiroplasma or Other Bacterial 16S rRNA Genes in Brain Tissue of Hamsters with Scrapie. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44(1): 91-97. PMID 16390954 doi:10.1128/JCM.44.1.91-97.2006 PDF fulltext
^ Bastian, F. O.; Sanders DE, Forbes, W.A.; Hagius, S.D.; Walker, J.V.; Henk, W.G.; Enright, F.M.& Elzer, P.H. (2007): Spiroplasma spp. from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy brains or ticks induce spongiform encephalopathy in ruminants. Journal of Medical Microbiology 56(9):1235-1252. PMID 17761489 doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47159-0
^ Jaenike, J.; Unckless, L.R., Cockburn, S.N., Boelio, L.M., Perlman, S.J. (2010): "Adaptation via Symbiosis: Recent Spread of a Drosophila Defensive Symbiont. Science" 329: 212-215.
^ Jaenike, J.; Stahlhut, J.K. Boelio, L.M., Unckless, L.R. (2010): Association between Wolbachia and Spiroplasma within Drosophila neotestacea: an emerging symbiotic mutualism? Mol. Ecol. 19(2):414-425.
^ Koch, H., Schmid-Hempel, P. (2011): Socially transmitted gut microbiota protect bumble bees against an intestinal parasite. PNAS 108(48): 19288-19292.
^ 'Jiggins, F. M.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Jiggins, C. D.; Schulenburg, J. H. G. v. D. & Majerus, M. E. N. (2000): The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected by a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology '120'(5): 439–446. doi:10.1017/S0031182099005867 (HTML abstract)

External links

Spiroplasma may cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. An interview with a leading expert in infectious diseases: Frank O. Bastsian, MD.
Spiroplasma & Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Ed Gehrman
Spiroplasma Genome Projects from Genomes OnLine Database
Adaptation via Symbiosis: Recent Spread of a Drosophila Defensive Symbiont

English Journal

Endosymbiotic candidates for parasitoid defense in exotic and native new zealand weevils.

White JA1, Richards NK, Laugraud A, Saeed A, Curry MM, McNeill MR.
Microbial ecology.Microb Ecol.2015 Jul;70(1):274-86. doi: 10.1007/s00248-014-0561-8. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
Some insects are infected with maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts that protect them against pathogens or parasitoids. The weevil Sitona obsoletus (=Sitona lepidus) is invasive in New Zealand, and suspected to contain such defensive symbionts, because it is particularly resistant to a Moroc
PMID 25613091

Macroevolutionary persistence of heritable endosymbionts: acquisition, retention and expression of adaptive phenotypes in Spiroplasma.

Haselkorn TS1, Jaenike J1.
Molecular ecology.Mol Ecol.2015 Jun 6. doi: 10.1111/mec.13261. [Epub ahead of print]
The phylogenetic incongruence between insects and their facultative maternally transmitted endosymbionts indicates that these infections are generally short-lived evolutionarily. Therefore, long-term persistence of many endosymbionts must depend on their ability to colonize and spread within new hos
PMID 26053523

Can maternally inherited endosymbionts adapt to a novel host? Direct costs of Spiroplasma infection, but not vertical transmission efficiency, evolve rapidly after horizontal transfer into D. melanogaster.

Nakayama S1, Parratt SR1, Hutchence KJ1, Lewis Z1, Price TA1, Hurst GD1.
Heredity.Heredity (Edinb).2015 Jun;114(6):539-43. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2014.112. Epub 2015 Feb 4.
Maternally inherited symbionts are common in arthropods and many have important roles in host adaptation. The observation that specific symbiont lineages infect distantly related host species implies new interactions are commonly established by lateral transfer events. However, studies have shown th
PMID 25649504

Japanese Journal

ショウジョウバエ-スピロプラズマ共生系における宿主-共生細菌間相互作用 (第41回日本マイコプラズマ学会学術集会) -- (シンポジウム寄生・共生体と宿主の攻防)

日本マイコプラズマ学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of mycoplasmology (41), 20-22, 2014-05-23
NAID 40020422288

宿主昆虫の生殖を操作する共生細菌スピロプラズマ

日本マイコプラズマ学会雑誌 = Japanese Journal of Mycoplasmology 37, 21-22, 2011-03-31
NAID 10029813388

1P-189 Spiroplasmaバクテリア運動の流体力学(細胞生物学的課題(1),第46回日本生物物理学会年会)

生物物理 48(SUPPLEMENT_1), S50, 2008-10-25
NAID 110007013351

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「スピロプラズマ」「スピロプラズマ属」
拡張検索	「Spiroplasma属」「Spiroplasmataceae」「Spiroplasma citri」

「スピロプラズマ」

Spiroplasma
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Tenericutes
Class:	Mollicutes
Order:	Entomoplasmatales
Family:	Spiroplasmataceae
Genus:	Spiroplasma