Spalax

メクラネズミ、クラネズミ属、スパラックス属、Spalax属

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mole rat

　

WordNet

1. type genus of the Spalacidae (同)genus Spalax

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/05 14:36:44」(JST)

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For the French record company, see Spalax (record company).

Spalax Temporal range: Early Miocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Spalax ehrenbergi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Superfamily:	Muroidea
Family:	Spalacidae
Subfamily:	Spalacinae Gray, 1821
Genus:	Spalax Guldenstaedt, 1770
Species
Spalax arenarius Spalax carmeli Spalax ehrenbergi Spalax galili Spalax giganteus Spalax golani Spalax graecus Spalax judaei Spalax leucodon Spalax microphthalmus Spalax munzuri Spalax nehringi Spalax uralensis Spalax zemni
Synonyms
Nannospalax Palmer, 1903

The genus Spalax contains the blind, fossorial, or subterranean mole rats, which are one of several types of rodents that are called mole rats. The hystricognath mole rats of the family Bathyergidae are completely unrelated, but some other forms are also in the family Spalacidae. Zokors (subfamily Myospalacinae) and root rats and bamboo rats (subfamily Rhizomyinae) are spalacids sometimes referred to as mole rats. Blind mole rats are in the family Spalacidae, but are unique enough to be given a separate subfamily, Spalacinae. Alternate opinions on taxonomy consider the blind mole rats to be the only members of the family Spalacidae and rank other spalacid subfamilies as full families. Other authors group all members of the superfamily Muroidea into a single family, Muridae. The Spalacinae contains two genera and eight species. Some authorities treat all species as belonging to a single genus, Spalax.

Spalax mole rats are truly blind. Their very small eyes are completely covered by a layer of skin. Unlike many other fossorial rodents, Spalax mole rats do not have enlarged front claws and do not appear to use their forearms as a primary digging tool. Digging is almost exclusively conducted using their powerful front teeth, which are separated from the rest of the mouth by a flap of skin. When a Spalax mole rat closes its mouth, its incisors are still on the outside. It has been suggested that blind mole rats may have evolved from spalacids that used their front limbs to dig, because their olecranon process is relatively large relative to the rest of the arm. The olecranon process is a part of the ulna bone where muscles attach, and digging animals tend to have enlarged olecranon processes to provide a lot of surface for their large and powerful muscles to attach.

Because they are completely blind, blind mole rats have been important laboratory animals in tests on how eyes and eye proteins function.

Resistance to cancer

Studies on the growth of fibroblasts in vitro of Spalax judaei and Spalax golani showed that the process of necrosis replaces the role of the systematic apoptosis normally used in many organisms. Low oxygen conditions, such as those common in blind mole rats’ burrows, usually cause cells to undergo apoptosis. In adaptation to higher tendency of cell death, blind mole rats evolved a mutation in the tumor suppressor protein p53 (which is also used in humans) to prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis. Human cancer patients have similar mutations, and blind mole rats were thought to be more susceptible to cancer because their cells cannot undergo apoptosis. However, after a specific amount of time (within 3 days according to a study conducted at the University of Rochester), the cells in blind mole rats release interferon-beta (which the immune system normally uses to counter viruses) in response to over-proliferation of cells caused by the suppression of apoptosis. In this case, the interferon-beta triggers cells to undergo necrosis, and this mechanism also kills cancer cells in blind mole rats. Because of tumor suppression mechanisms such as this, blind mole rats and other spalacids are resistant to cancer.

Classification

Subfamily Spalacinae

• Genus Spalax – Blind mole rats
  • Sandy Mole Rat, Spalax arenarius
  • Mt. Carmel Blind Mole Rat, Spalax carmeli
  • Middle East Blind Mole Rat, Spalax ehrenbergi
  • Upper Galilee Mountains Blind Mole Rat, Spalax galili
  • Giant Mole Rat, Spalax giganteus
  • Golan Heights Blind Mole Rat, Spalax golani
  • Balkan Mole Rat, Spalax graecus
  • Judean Mountains Blind Mole Rat, Spalax judaei
  • Lesser Mole Rat, Spalax leucodon
  • Greater Mole Rat, Spalax microphthalmus
  • Munzur Mole Rat, Spalax munzuri
  • Nehring's Blind Mole Rat, Spalax nehringi
  • Kazakhstan Blind Mole Rat, Spalax uralensis
  • Podolsk Mole Rat, Spalax zemni

References

Notes

• Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler (2004). Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.002 PMID 15019624
• Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis (2001). "Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents." Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280–293.
• Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea." pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D. E. and D. M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972–978.
• Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World, II. London: Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8
• Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson (2004). Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533–553. doi:10.1080/10635150490468701 PMID 15371245
• Topachevskii, V. A. (1976) Fauna of the USSR. Volume III: Mammals. Issue 3: Mole rats, Spalacidae. New Delhi: Amerind.

English Journal

• Macroscopic anatomy of the lower respiratory system in mole rats (Spalax leucodon).

• İlgun R1, Yoldas A, Kuru N, Özkan ZE.
• Anatomia, histologia, embryologia.Anat Histol Embryol.2014 Dec;43(6):474-81. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12098. Epub 2014 Jan 23.
• The morphologic and morphometric features of the lower respiratory system in mole rats were examined. It was seen that the low respiratory system of this species leading a special life under highly hypoxic/hypercapnic conditions underground is structurally similar to other mammals living on land in
• PMID 24450964

• The Captured Retroviral Envelope syncytin-A and syncytin-B Genes Are Conserved in the Spalacidae Together with Hemotrichorial Placentation.

• Vernochet C1, Redelsperger F1, Harper F1, Souquere S1, Catzeflis F2, Pierron G1, Nevo E3, Heidmann T4, Dupressoir A5.
• Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2014 Dec;91(6):148. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.124818. Epub 2014 Oct 22.
• Syncytins are fusogenic envelope (env) genes of retroviral origin that have been captured for a function in placentation. Multiple independent events of syncytin gene capture were found to have occurred in primates, rodents, lagomorphs, carnivores, and ruminants. In the mouse, two syncytin-A and -B
• PMID 25339103

• Mitochondrial genome of bamboo rat Rhizomys pruinosus.

• Zhao F1, Zhang T, Su J, Nevo E, Lin G.
• Mitochondrial DNA.Mitochondrial DNA.2014 Oct;25(5):381-2. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2013.809434. Epub 2013 Jul 2.
• Abstract Bamboo rats are a group of subterranean rodents some of which feed on the roots and shoots of bamboo and other plants. In this study, we sequence the mitochondrial genome of a hoary bamboo rat Rhizomys pruinosus from the south of China. The genome is 16,575 bp in length, and had a gene cont
• PMID 23815328

Japanese Journal

• Characterization of paternity relationships in the mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi by microsatellite genotyping

• MALIK Assaf,FRENKEL Zeev,HERNANDEZ Alvaro,BAND Mark,NEVO Eviatar,AVIVI Aaron
• Population ecology 53(3), 501-510, 2011-07-01
• NAID 10029039868

• Cross-modal neuroplasticity in the blind mole rat Spalax Ehrenbergi : a WGA-HRP tracing study

• DORON N.
• NeuroReport 5, 2697-2701, 1994
• NAID 30009535177

• Visual system of a naturally microphthalmic mammal: The blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi.

• COOPER H. M.
• J. Comp. Neurol. 328, 313-350, 1993
• NAID 30002187278

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