WordNet

American seamstress said to have made the first American flag at the request of George Washington (1752-1836) (同)Betsy Ross, Betsy Griscom Ross
British explorer of the Arctic and Antarctic; located the north magnetic pole in 1831; discovered the Ross Sea in Antarctica; nephew of Sir John Ross (1800-1862) (同)James Clark Ross, Sir James Clark Ross
Scottish explorer who led Arctic expeditions that yielded geographic discoveries while searching for the Northwest Passage (1777-1856) (同)John Ross, Sir John Ross
a politician in Wyoming who was the first woman governor in the United States (1876-1977) (同)Nellie Ross, Nellie Tayloe Ross
British physician who discovered that mosquitos transmit malaria (1857-1932) (同)Sir Ronald Ross
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek); "the river was navigable for 50 miles"
an artificial language for international use that rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas

PrepTutorEJDIC

ビールス,ろ過性病原体
『川』 / (水以外のものの)流れ,多量の流出《+『of』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/03 14:58:31」(JST)

wiki en

Ross River virus (RRV) is a small encapsulated single-strand RNA alphavirus endemic to Australia, Papua New Guinea and other islands in the South Pacific. It is responsible for a type of mosquito-borne non-lethal but debilitating tropical disease known as Ross River fever, previously termed "epidemic polyarthritis". The virus is suspected to be enzootic in populations of various native Australian mammals, and has been found on occasion in horses.^[1]

Classification and morphology[edit]

Taxonomically, Ross River virus belongs to the virus genus Alphavirus, which is part of the family Togaviridae. The alphaviruses are a group of small enveloped single-strand positive-sense RNA viruses. RRV belongs to a subgroup of "Old World" (Eurasian-African-Australasian) alphaviruses, and is considered closely related to Sagiyama virus.^[1]

The virions (virus particles) themselves contain their genome in a protein capsid 700 Å in diameter. They are characterised by the presence of two glycoproteins (E1 and E2) embedded as trimeric dimers in a host-derived lipid envelope.^[2]^{[dead link]}

Because RRV is transmitted by mosquitos, it is considered an arbovirus, a non-taxonomic term for viruses borne by arthropod vectors.

History[edit]

In 1928 an outbreak of acute febrile arthritis was recorded in Narrandera and Hay in New South Wales, Australia. In 1943 several outbreaks of arthralgia and arthritis were described in the Northern Territory, Queensland and the Schouten Islands, off the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. The name epidemic polyarthritis was coined for this disease. In 1956 an epidemic occurred in the Murray Valley which was compared to "acute viral polyarthritis" caused by Chikungunya virus. The Australian disease seemed to progress in milder fashion. In 1956 serological testing suggested an unknown new species of alphavirus (group A arbovirus) was the likely culprit.^[1]

In 1959, a new alphavirus was identified in mosquito (Ochlerotatus vigilax) samples trapped near Ross River, near Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Further serological testing showed that patients who had suffered "epidemic polyarthritis" in Queensland had antibodies to the virus. The new virus was named Ross River virus, and the disease Ross River fever.^[1]

The virus itself was first isolated in 1972 using suckling mice. It was found that RRV isolated from human serum could kill mice. However, the serum containing the virus that was used had come from an Aboriginal boy from Edward River, North Queensland. The child had a fever and a rash but no arthritis making the link between RRV and Ross River fever less than concrete.^[1]

However, RRV was later isolated in humans following a series of epidemic polyarthritis outbreaks in Fiji, Samoa and the Cook Islands during 1979. RRV was isolated in an Australian patient suffering from Ross River fever in 1985.^[1]

In 2010, the Ross River Virus was found to have made its way to the Aundh area in Pune, India and spread to other parts of the city. A tourist to Australia probably returned infected with the virus. The RRV infection is characterized by very high fever, pain in the joints, loss of appetite and weakness. Hydration by sufficient fluid intake is recommended to ensure that the fever does not rise to very dangerous levels. It is recommended that a doctor be consulted immediately as regular paracetamol gives only temporary reprieve from the fever.^{[citation needed]}

Ecology[edit]

In rural and regional areas of Australia, the continued prevalence of Ross River virus is thought to be supported by natural reservoirs such as large marsupial mammals. Antibodies to Ross River virus have been found in a wide variety of placental and marsupial mammals, and also in a few bird species. It is not presently known what reservoir hosts support Ross River virus in metropolitan areas such as Brisbane.^[1]

The Southern Saltmarsh mosquito (Aedes camptorhynchus) which is known to carry the Ross River virus was discovered in Napier, New Zealand, in 1998. Due to an 11-year program by the New Zealand Ministry of Health, and later the Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, the species was declared completely eradicated from New Zealand in July 2010.^[3] As of September 2006, there have never been any reported cases of Ross River virus acquired within New Zealand.^[4]

Lab research[edit]

The study of RRV has been recently facilitated by a mouse model. Inbred mice infected with RRV develop hind-limb arthritis/arthralgia. The disease in mice, similar to humans, is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate including macrophages which are immunopathogenic and exacerbate disease. Furthermore, recent data indicate that the serum component, C3, directly contributes to disease since mice deficient in the C3 protein do not suffer from severe disease following infection.^[5]

Ross River fever[edit]

Main article: Ross River fever

Ross River fever is also known as Ross River virus infection or Ross River virus disease.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Harley D, Sleigh A, Ritchie S (2001). "Ross River virus transmission, infection, and disease: a cross-disciplinary review". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14 (4): 909–32, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.4.909-932.2001. PMC 89008. PMID 11585790.
^ "Ross River fever". Panbio Diagnostics. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ "New Zealand first to wipe out the 'Aussie mozzie'". New Zealand Government. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
^ "ARPHS Fact Sheet - Ross River Virus (RRV) Disease". Auckland Regional Public Health Service. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ Morrison TE, Fraser RJ, Smith PN, Mahalingam S, Heise MT (2007). "Complement contributes to inflammatory tissue destruction in a mouse model of Ross River virus-induced disease". J. Virol. 81 (10): 5132–43. doi:10.1128/JVI.02799-06. PMC 1900244. PMID 17314163.

External links[edit]

Ross River & Barmah Forest University of Sydney, Department of Medical Entomology

UpToDate Contents

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1. ロスリバーウイルス感染 ross river virus infection
2. 関節炎の原因となる特定のウイルス specific viruses that cause arthritis
3. オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、南西太平洋（オセアニア）への旅行者における
健康被害の可能性 potential health hazards in travelers to australia new zealand and the southwestern pacific oceania
4. チクングンヤ熱 chikungunya fever
5. 慢性疲労症候群の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome

English Journal

Predictive modelling of Ross River virus notifications in southeastern Australia.

Cutcher Z1, Williamson E1, Lynch SE2, Rowe S3, Clothier HJ1, Firestone SM4.
Epidemiology and infection.Epidemiol Infect.2017 Feb;145(3):440-450. doi: 10.1017/S0950268816002594. Epub 2016 Nov 21.
Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito-borne virus endemic to Australia. The disease, marked by arthritis, myalgia and rash, has a complex epidemiology involving several mosquito species and wildlife reservoirs. Outbreak years coincide with climatic conditions conducive to mosquito population growth.
PMID 27866492

A comparative analysis of three vector-borne diseases across Australia using seasonal and meteorological models.

Stratton MD1, Ehrlich HY1, Mor SM2, Naumova EN1,3.
Scientific reports.Sci Rep.2017 Jan 10;7:40186. doi: 10.1038/srep40186.
Ross River virus (RRV), Barmah Forest virus (BFV), and dengue are three common mosquito-borne diseases in Australia that display notable seasonal patterns. Although all three diseases have been modeled on localized scales, no previous study has used harmonic models to compare seasonality of mosquito
PMID 28071683

Disease surveillance based on Internet-based linear models: an Australian case study of previously unmodeled infection diseases.

Rohart F1, Milinovich GJ2,3, Avril SM4, Lê Cao KA1, Tong S3, Hu W3.
Scientific reports.Sci Rep.2016 Dec 20;6:38522. doi: 10.1038/srep38522.
Effective disease surveillance is critical to the functioning of health systems. Traditional approaches are, however, limited in their ability to deliver timely information. Internet-based surveillance systems are a promising approach that may circumvent many of the limitations of traditional health
PMID 27994231

Japanese Journal

症例オーストラリア渡航中に発症したロスリバーウイルス感染症の本邦初報告

杤谷健太郎,清水恒広,篠原浩 [他]
感染症学雑誌 = The journal of Japanese the Association for Infectious Diseases 88(2), 155-159, 2014-03
NAID 40020055977

The Spatial Distribution of Ross River Virus Infections in Brisbane : Significance of Residential Location and Relationships with Vegetation Types

MUHAR Andreas,DALE Patricia E. R.,THALIB Lukman,ARITO Eri
Environmental health and preventive medicine 4(4), 184-189, 2000-01
… For the study area of Brisbane City (population 800, 000), Australia, 2160 cases of Ross River virus (RRv) infections from the years 1991 to 1996 were geocoded. …
NAID 110002694694

ゲタウイルスに関する研究: MI-110株の生物学的, 物理化学的, 血清学的諸性状について

鎌田正信 [他],熊埜御堂毅,安藤泰正,福永昌夫,今川浩,和田隆一,秋山緯
日本獸醫學雜誌 44(1), 89-95, 1982-02-25
ゲタウイルス自然感染発症馬の血漿から分離されたMI-110株の生物学的, 物理化学的, 血清学的諸性状について詳細に調べた. Vero細胞で10代継代されたMI-110株は広範な感受性細胞域を有し, 初代馬胎仔肺, BHK-21, HmLu, Veroの各細胞培養で最も高い増殖性を示した. また, 熱(50℃以上), 酸(pH5.0以下), アルカリ(PH10.0以上), 高濃度のトリプシン(0. …
NAID 110003916975

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