"Pyrus" redirects here. For other uses, see Pyrus (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Pear (disambiguation).
| Pears |
|
| European Pear branch with two pears |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Plantae |
| (unranked): |
Angiosperms |
| (unranked): |
Eudicots |
| (unranked): |
Rosids |
| Order: |
Rosales |
| Family: |
Rosaceae |
| Subfamily: |
Amygdaloideae[1] |
| Tribe: |
Maleae |
| Subtribe: |
Malinae |
| Genus: |
Pyrus
L. |
| Species |
|
About 30 species; see text.
|
Many varieties, such as the Nashi pear, are not "pear-shaped"
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The pear is any of several tree and shrub species of genus Pyrus //, in the family Rosaceae.
It is also the name of the pomaceous fruit of these trees. Several species of pear are valued for their edible fruit, while others are cultivated as ornamental trees.
Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Description
- 3 History
- 4 Major recognized taxa
- 5 Cultivation
- 5.1 Harvest
- 5.2 Diseases and pests
- 6 Production
- 7 Storage
- 8 Uses
- 9 Nutrition
- 10 Cultural references
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Etymology
The English word “pear” is probably from Common West Germanic pera, probably a loanword of Vulgar Latin pira, the plural of pirum, akin to Greek ἄπιος apios (from Mycenaean ápisos),[2] which is of Semitic origin (Aramaic/Syriac "pirâ", meaning "fruit", from the verb "pra", meaning "to beget, multiply, bear fruit"). The place name Perry can indicate the historical presence of pear trees. The term "pyriform" is sometimes used to describe something which is pear-shaped.
Description
The pear is native to coastal and mildly temperate regions of the Old World, from western Europe and north Africa east right across Asia. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching 10–17 metres (33–56 ft) tall, often with a tall, narrow crown; a few species are shrubby.
The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, 2–12 centimetres (0.79–4.72 in) long, glossy green on some species, densely silvery-hairy in some others; leaf shape varies from broad oval to narrow lanceolate. Most pears are deciduous, but one or two species in southeast Asia are evergreen. Most are cold-hardy, withstanding temperatures between −25 °C (−13 °F) and −40 °C (−40 °F) in winter, except for the evergreen species, which only tolerate temperatures down to about −15 °C (5 °F).
The flowers are white, rarely tinted yellow or pink, 2–4 centimetres (0.79–1.57 in) diameter, and have five petals.[3] Like that of the related apple, the pear fruit is a pome, in most wild species 1–4 centimetres (0.39–1.57 in) diameter, but in some cultivated forms up to 18 centimetres (7.1 in) long and 8 centimetres (3.1 in) broad; the shape varies in most species from oblate or globose, to the classic pyriform 'pear-shape' of the European pear with an elongated basal portion and a bulbous end.
The fruit is composed of the receptacle or upper end of the flower-stalk (the so-called calyx tube) greatly dilated. Enclosed within its cellular flesh is the true fruit: five cartilaginous carpels, known colloquially as the "core". From the upper rim of the receptacle are given off the five sepals[vague], the five petals, and the very numerous stamens.
Pears and apples cannot always be distinguished by the form of the fruit; some pears look very much like some apples, e.g. the nashi pear. One major difference is that the flesh of pear fruit contains stone cells (also called "grit").
History
The cultivation of the pear in cool temperate climates extends to the remotest antiquity, and there is evidence of its use as a food since prehistoric times. Many traces of it have been found in the Swiss lake-dwellings. The word “pear”, or its equivalent, occurs in all the Celtic languages, while in Slavic and other dialects, differing appellations, still referring to the same thing, are found—a diversity and multiplicity of nomenclature which led Alphonse de Candolle to infer a very ancient cultivation of the tree from the shores of the Caspian to those of the Atlantic.
The pear was also cultivated by the Romans, who ate the fruits raw or cooked, just like apples.[4] Pliny's Natural History recommended stewing them with honey and noted three dozen varieties. The Roman cookbook attributed to Apicius, De re coquinaria, has a recipe for a spiced, stewed-pear patina, or soufflé.[5]
A certain race of pears, with white down on the under surface of their leaves, is supposed to have originated from P. nivalis, and their fruit is chiefly used in France in the manufacture of perry (see also cider). Other small-fruited pears, distinguished by their early ripening and apple-like fruit, may be referred to as P. cordata, a species found wild in western France and southwestern England. Pears have been cultivated in China for approximately 3000 years.
The genus is thought to have originated in present-day western China in the foothills of the Tian Shan, a mountain range of Central Asia, and to have spread to the north and south along mountain chains, evolving into a diverse group of over 20 widely recognized primary species[citation needed]. The enormous number of varieties of the cultivated European pear (Pyrus communis subsp. communis), are without doubt derived from one or two wild subspecies (P. communis subsp. pyraster and P. communis subsp. caucasica), widely distributed throughout Europe, and sometimes forming part of the natural vegetation of the forests. Court accounts of Henry III of England record pears shipped from La Rochelle-Normande and presented to the King by the Sheriffs of the City of London. The French names of pears grown in English medieval gardens suggest that their reputation, at the least, was French; a favored variety in the accounts was named for Saint Rule or Regul', Bishop of Senlis.[6]
Asian species with medium to large edible fruit include P. pyrifolia, P. ussuriensis, P. × bretschneideri, P. × sinkiangensis, and P. pashia. Other small-fruited species are frequently used as rootstocks for the cultivated forms.
Major recognized taxa
Pears, raw
|
|
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) |
| Energy |
239 kJ (57 kcal) |
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
15.23 g
|
| Sugars |
9.75 g |
| Dietary fiber |
3.1 g |
|
|
Fat
|
0.14 g
|
|
|
Protein
|
0.36 g
|
|
| Vitamins |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(1%)
0.012 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(2%)
0.026 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(1%)
0.161 mg |
|
Pantothenic acid (B5)
|
(1%)
0.049 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(2%)
0.029 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(2%)
7 μg |
| Choline |
(1%)
5.1 mg |
| Vitamin C |
(5%)
4.3 mg |
| Vitamin E |
(1%)
0.12 mg |
| Vitamin K |
(4%)
4.4 μg |
|
| Trace metals |
| Calcium |
(1%)
9 mg |
| Iron |
(1%)
0.18 mg |
| Magnesium |
(2%)
7 mg |
| Manganese |
(2%)
0.048 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(2%)
12 mg |
| Potassium |
(2%)
116 mg |
| Sodium |
(0%)
1 mg |
| Zinc |
(1%)
0.1 mg |
Link to USDA Database entry
|
- Units
- μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
- IU = International units
|
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
|
- Pyrus amygdaliformis—Almond-leaved pear
- Pyrus armeniacifolia—Apricot-leaved pear
- Pyrus boissieriana
- Pyrus bourgaeana—Iberian pear
- Pyrus × bretschneideri—Chinese white pear; also classified as a subspecies of Pyrus pyrifolia
- Pyrus calleryana—Callery pear
- Pyrus communis – European pear
- Pyrus communis subsp. communis—European pear (cultivars include Beurre d'Anjou, Bartlett and Beurre Bosc)
- Pyrus communis subsp. caucasica (syn. P. caucasica)
- Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster — Wild European Pear (syn. (Pyrus pyraster))
- Pyrus cordata—Plymouth pear
- Pyrus cossonii—Algerian pear
- Pyrus dimorphophylla
- Pyrus elaeagrifolia—Oleaster-leaved pear
- Pyrus fauriei
- Pyrus gharbiana
- Pyrus glabra
- Pyrus hondoensis
- Pyrus kawakamii
- Pyrus koehnei—Evergreen pear of southern China and Taiwan
- Pyrus korshinskyi
- Pyrus mamorensis
- Pyrus nivalis—Snow pear
- Pyrus pashia—Afghan pear
- Pyrus ×phaeocarpa
- Pyrus pseudopashia
- Pyrus pyrifolia—Nashi pear, Sha Li; tree species native to China, Japan, and Korea, also known as the Asian pear
- Pyrus regelii
- Pyrus salicifolia—Willow-leaved pear
- Pyrus × serrulata
- Pyrus × sinkiangensis—thought to be an interspecific hybrid between P. ×bretschneideri and Pyrus communis
- Pyrus syriaca—Syrian pear
- Pyrus ussuriensis—Siberian pear (also known as the Ussurian pear, Harbin pear, and Manchurian pear)
- Pyrus xerophila
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Cultivation
Pear tree in Hamedan, Iran
Vicar of Winkfield pear, a heritage variety, no longer commonly found, British Columbia, Canada
According to Pear Bureau Northwest, about 3000 known varieties of pears are grown worldwide.[7] The pear is normally propagated by grafting a selected variety onto a rootstock, which may be of a pear variety or quince. Quince rootstocks produce smaller trees, which is often desirable in commercial orchards or domestic gardens. For new varieties the flowers can be cross-bred to preserve or combine desirable traits. The fruit of the pear is produced on spurs, which appear on shoots more than one year old.[8]
Three species account for the vast majority of edible fruit production, the European pear Pyrus communis subsp. communis cultivated mainly in Europe and North America, the Chinese white pear (bai li) Pyrus ×bretschneideri, and the Nashi pear Pyrus pyrifolia (also known as Asian pear or apple pear), both grown mainly in eastern Asia. There are thousands of cultivars of these three species. A species grown in western China, P. sinkiangensis, and P. pashia, grown in southern China and south Asia, are also produced to a lesser degree.
Other species are used as rootstocks for European and Asian pears and as ornamental trees. The Manchurian or Ussurian Pear, Pyrus ussuriensis (which produces unpalatable fruit) has been crossed with Pyrus communis to breed hardier pear cultivars. The Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford') in particular has become widespread in North America, and is used only as an ornamental tree, as well as a blight-resistant rootstock for Pyrus communis fruit orchards. The Willow-leaved pear (Pyrus salicifolia) is grown for its attractive, slender, densely silvery-hairy leaves.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
- 'Beth'[9]
- 'Concorde'[10]
- 'Conference'[11]
|
- 'Joséphine de Malines'[12]
- 'Louise Bonne of Jersey'[13]
- 'Onward'[14]
|
- 'Williams' Bon Chrétien'[15]
|
Harvest
Summer and autumn cultivars of Pyrus communis, being climacteric fruits, are gathered before they are fully ripe, while they are still green, but snap off when lifted. In the case of the 'Passe Crassane', long the favored winter pear in France, the crop is traditionally gathered at three different times: the first a fortnight or more before it is ripe, the second a week or ten days after that, and the third when fully ripe. The first gathering will come into eating last, and thus the season of the fruit may be considerably prolonged.
Nashi pears are allowed to ripen on the tree.
Diseases and pests
Main articles: List of pear diseases and List of Lepidoptera that feed on pear trees
Production
Top Pear Producers in 2012
| Rank |
Country |
Metric Tons |
| 1 |
China |
17,325,831 |
| 2 |
United States |
783,815 |
| 3 |
Argentina |
773,719 |
| 4 |
Italy |
694,284 |
| 5 |
Turkey |
461,826 |
| — |
World |
23,580,845 |
| Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division [16] |
Storage
Pears may be stored at room temperature until ripe.[17] Pears are ripe when the flesh around the stem gives to gentle pressure.[17] Ripe pears are optimally stored refrigerated, uncovered in a single layer, where they have a shelf life of 2 to 3 days.[17]
Uses
Gieser Wildeman simmered in red wine.
Pears are consumed fresh, canned, as juice, and dried. The juice can also be used in jellies and jams, usually in combination with other fruits or berries. Fermented pear juice is called perry or pear cider.
Pears ripen at room temperature. They will ripen faster if placed next to bananas in a fruit bowl.[18] Refrigeration will slow further ripening. Pear Bureau Northwest offers tips on ripening and judging ripeness: Although the skin on Bartlett pears changes from green to yellow as they ripen, most varieties show little color change as they ripen. Because pears ripen from the inside out, the best way to judge ripeness is to "Check the Neck": apply gentle thumb pressure to the neck or stem end of the pear. If it yields to gentle pressure, then the pear is ripe, sweet, and juicy. If it is firm, leave the pear at room temperature and check the neck daily for ripeness.[19]
The culinary or cooking pear is green but dry and hard, and only edible after several hours of cooking. Two Dutch cultivars are "Gieser Wildeman" (a sweet variety) and "Saint Remy" (slightly sour).[20]
Pear wood is one of the preferred materials in the manufacture of high-quality woodwind instruments and furniture. It is also used for wood carving, and as a firewood to produce aromatic smoke for smoking meat or tobacco. Pear wood is valued for kitchen spoons, scoops and stirrers, as it does not contaminate food with color, flavor or smell, and resists warping and splintering despite repeated soaking and drying cycles. Lincoln[21] describes it as "a fairly tough, very stable wood... (used for) carving... brushbacks, umbrella handles, measuring instruments such as set squares and T-squares... recorders... violin and guitar fingerboards and piano keys... decorative veneering." Pearwood is the favored wood for architect's rulers because it does not warp. It is similar to the wood of its relative, the apple tree (Malus domestica) and used for many of the same purposes.[21]
Nutrition
A pear in a 100 g serving (small pear) provides no essential nutrients in significant amounts (table, USDA National Nutrient Database).
Cultural references
Pears grow in the sublime orchard of Alcinous, in Odyssey vii: "Therein grow trees, tall and luxuriant, pears and pomegranates and apple-trees with their bright fruit, and sweet figs, and luxuriant olives. Of these the fruit perishes not nor fails in winter or in summer, but lasts throughout the year."
'A Partridge in a Pear Tree' is the first gift in "The Twelve Days of Christmas" cumulative song, this verse is repeated twelve times in the song.
The pear tree was an object of particular veneration (as was the Walnut) in the Tree worship of the Nakh peoples of the North Caucasus – see Vainakh mythology and see also Ingushetia – the best-known of the Vainakh peoples today being the Chechens of Chechnya in the Russian Federation. Pear and walnut trees were held to be the sacred abodes of beneficent spirits in pre-Islamic Chechen religion and,for this reason,it was forbidden to fell them.[22]
See also
- List of culinary fruits
- List of Lepidoptera that feed on pear trees
References
- ^ Potter, D.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R. C.; Oh, S.; Smedmark, J. E. E.; Morgan, D. R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K. R.; Arsenault, M.; Dickinson, T. A.; Campbell, C. S. et al. (2007). "Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution 266 (1–2): 5–43. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9. [Referring to the subfamily by the name "Spiraeoideae"]
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "pear". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Pear Fruit Facts Page Information. bouquetoffruits.com
- ^ Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009). A History of Food. John Wiley & Sons. p. 573. ISBN 978-1-4443-0514-2.
- ^ Grainger, Sally and Grocock, Christopher (2006). Apicius (with an introd. and an Engl. transl.). Blackawton, Totnes: Prospect Books. p. IV.2.35. ISBN 978-1-903018-13-2.
- ^ Cecil, Evelyn (2006). A History of Gardening in England. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 35 ff. ISBN 978-1-4286-3680-4.
- ^ "Pear Varieties". Usapears.com. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
- ^ RHS Fruit, Harry Baker, ISBN 1857329058, pp100-101.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Pyrus communis 'Beth' (D) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Pyrus communis 'Concorde' PBR (D) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Pyrus communis 'Conference' (D) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Pyrus communis 'Joséphine de Malines' (D) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Pyrus communis 'Louise Bonne of Jersey' (D) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Pyrus communis 'Onward' (D) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Pyrus communis 'Williams' Bon Chrétien' (D/C) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "Production of Pears by Countries & World Total, 2012". UN Food & Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division. 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ a b c Canadian Produce Marketing Association > Home Storage Guide for Fresh Fruits & Vegetables. cpma.ca
- ^ Scott, Judy and Sugar, David (2011). "Pears can be ripened to perfection". extension.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ^ "Pear Bureau Northwest". Usapears.org. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ Koene, A. (2005). Food Shopper's Guide to Holland: A Comprehensive Review of the Finest Local and International Food Products in the Dutch Marketplace. Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. p. 79. ISBN 978-90-5972-092-3.
- ^ a b Lincoln, William (1986). World Woods in Color. Fresno, California, USA: Linden Publishing Co. Inc. pp. 33, 207. ISBN 0-941936-20-1.
- ^ The Chechens: A Handbook by Jaimoukha,Amjad. Published by Psychology Press 2005. ISBN 978-0-415-32328-4.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
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Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
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- California Pear Recipes – Over one hundred pear recipes from California Pears.
- European pear varieties – description of Australian commercial pears
- "The Pear in History, Literature, Popular Culture, and Art"
- Pear Recipes – collection of pear recipes from Pear Bureau Northwest
- Pear Varieties – Information about pear varieties grown in California.
- University of Georgia Pear Page – History of cultivation and commerce.
- When to pick and how to ripen pears to perfection; Oregon State University Extension Service; July 2009
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Pyrus
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|
| Cultivars |
- Bosc pear
- Choke pear
- Churchland pear
- Conference pear
- D'Anjou
- Endicott Pear Tree
- Harovin Sundown
- Huntington pear
- Le Conte pear
- Parsonage pear
- Pêra Rocha
- Stinking Bishop pear
- Taylor's gold
- Warden pear
- Williams pear
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|
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| Species |
- P. amygdaliformis
- P. anatolica
- P. armeniacifolia
- P. boissieriana
- P. bourgaeana
- P. calleryana
- P. communis
- P. cordata
- P. elaeagrifolia
- P. hakkiarica
- P. nivalis
- P. oxyprion
- P. pashia
- P. pyraster
- P. pyrifolia
- P. salicifolia
- P. serikensis
- P. syriaca
- P. ussuriensis
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| Natural hybrids |
- Pyrus × bretschneideri
- Pyrus × sinkiangensis
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| Related topics |
- Herefordshire Pomona
- List of pear diseases
- Perry
- Tottori Nijisseiki Pear Museum
- World Apple and Pear Association
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