関: ポドフィルム属 Podophyllum属、アメリカンマンドレーク

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perennial rhizomatous herbs (同)genus Podophyllum

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/23 05:09:42」(JST)

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Podophyllum is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Berberidaceae, described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.^[3]^[4] In the past, several species were included in the genus, but all but one have been transferred to other genera (Dysosma, Pilea, and Sinopodophyllum).^[5] The one remaining species is the Mayapple (Podophyllum_peltatum) widespread across most of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.^[6]^[7]

Mayapples are woodland plants, typically growing in colonies derived from a single root. The stems grow to 30–40 cm tall, with palmately lobed umbrella-like leaves up to 20–40 cm diameter with 3–9 shallowly to deeply cut lobes. The plants produce several stems from a creeping underground rhizome; some stems bear a single leaf and do not produce any flower or fruit, while flowering stems produce a pair or more leaves with 1–8 flowers in the axil between the apical leaves. The flowers are white, yellow or red, 2–6 cm diameter with 6–9 petals, and mature into a green, yellow or red fleshy fruit 2–5 cm long.^[5]

All the parts of the plant, excepting the fruit, are poisonous. Even the fruit, though not dangerously poisonous, can cause unpleasant indigestion.

The substance they contain (podophyllotoxin or podophyllin) is used as a purgative and as a cytostatic. Posalfilin is a drug containing podophyllin and salicylic acid that is used to treat the plantar wart.

They are also grown as ornamental plants for their attractive foliage and flowers.

Though the common name is mayapple,^[8] it is the flower that appears in early May, not the "apple". The fruit or "apple" is produced early summer and ripens later in summer.

Many species of plants have mycorrhizae to assist with nutrient uptake in infertile conditions. Mayapple plants are considered obligately dependent upon such mycorrhizae, although it may also be facultatively dependent upon rhizome age and soil nutrient levels.^[9] Plants are commonly found infected by the rust Allodus podophylli, appearing as honeycomb-patterned orange colonies under the leaves, and yellowish lesions on the upper surface.^[10]^[11]

Toxicity

The ripened fruit is edible in little amounts, though when consumed in large amounts the fruit is poisonous. The rhizome, foliage and roots are also poisonous.^[12] Mayapple contains podophyllotoxin,^[13] which is highly toxic if consumed, but can be used as a topical medicine.

Medicinal use

Mayapple has been used by American Indians as an emetic, cathartic, and antihelmintic agent.^{[citation needed]} They also boiled the poisonous root, and used the water to cure stomach aches.^{[citation needed]} The rhizome of the mayapple has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, originally by indigenous inhabitants and later by other settlers.

Mayapple can be also used topically for warts, and two of its derivatives, etoposide and teniposide, have shown promise in treating some malignant neoplasms.^[14]^[15]

Gallery

A flowering plant
Fruit touching the earth on June 14, 2007
Fruit touching the earth on June 14, 2007
Fruit on July 18, 2007
Leaves
Immature plants with single leaves

References

^ 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
^ The Plant List, Podophyllum peltatum L.
^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 505 in Latin
^ Tropicos, Podophyllum L.
^ ^a ^b Flora of North America, Vol. 3, Podophyllum Linnaeus
^ "Podophyllum L.". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map
^ Podophyllum peltatum at USDA PLANTS Database
^ Watson, M.A. and five others. 2001. The developmental ecology of mycorrhizal associations in mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum, Berberidaceae. Evolutionary Ecology 15: 425-442.
^ "Puccinia podophylli Schwein. Mayapple rust". Iowa State University, Ada Hayden Herbarium (ISC). Retrieved 2013-03-16.
^ Bunyard, Britt A. 2013 "Mayapple Rust Resurrection" FUNGI 6(1): 38-39.
^ Blanchan, Neltje (2002). Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
^ Moraes, R.M., H. Lata, E. Bedir, M. Maqbool, and K. Cushman. 2002. On American Mayapple as practical source of podophyllotoxin p. 527–532. In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.
^ Brunton LL et al. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, chapter: 61. Cytotoxic agents/Epipodophyllotoxins Twelfth Edition ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8
^ Lewis, W.H. and M.P.F. Elvin-Lewis. 1977. Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Man's Health. Wiley, New York. 515 p. p. 123-124.

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児での潜在的に毒性を持つ植物の摂取による臨床症状および評価 clinical manifestations and evaluation of potentially toxic plant ingestions in children
2. 成人における尖圭コンジローム（肛門性器疣贅） condylomata acuminata anogenital warts in adults
3. 小児における毒性植物摂取およびニコチン中毒のマネージメント management of toxic plant ingestions and nicotine poisoning in children

English Journal

Expression analysis of biosynthetic pathway genes vis-à-vis podophyllotoxin content in Podophyllum hexandrum Royle.

Kumar P1, Pal T, Sharma N, Kumar V, Sood H, Chauhan RS.
Protoplasma.Protoplasma.2015 Sep;252(5):1253-62. doi: 10.1007/s00709-015-0757-x. Epub 2015 Jan 14.
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle is known for its vast medicinal properties, particularly anticancer. It contains higher amount of podophyllotoxin (4.3 %), compared to Podophyllum peltatum (0.025 %) and other plant species; as a result, it has been used worldwide in the preparation of various drugs inc
PMID 25586110

Investigation and Expression of the Secoisolariciresinol Dehydrogenase Gene Involved in Podophyllotoxin Biosynthesis.

Arneaud SL1, Porter JR.
Molecular biotechnology.Mol Biotechnol.2015 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Podophyllotoxin (PPT) is a plant natural product that serves as a precursor for the synthesis of many well-known chemotherapeutic drugs. The limited availability and high demand for the source plants of PPT have led to the exploration of alternative sources for this compound. In this study, we utili
PMID 26289300

Cytotoxicity of medicinal plants of the West-Canadian Gwich׳in Native Americans towards sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells.

Karadeniz A1, Alexie G2, Greten HJ3, Andersch K4, Efferth T5.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2015 Jun 20;168:191-200. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.052. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional medicine of the Native Americans has a long tradition of medicinal plants, which also influenced modern oncology. For instance, podophyllotoxin the active ingredient of Podophyllum peltatum L. (Berberidaceae) used by Native Americans to treat warts led to
PMID 25839116

Japanese Journal

Dirigent-mediated podophyllotoxin biosynthesis in Linum flavum and Podophyllum peltatum

XIA ZQ
Phytochemistry 55, 537-549, 2000
NAID 80012263207

Dirigent-mediated podophyllotoxin biosyntheis in Linum flavum and Podophyllum peltatum

XIA ZQ
Phytochemistry 55, 537-549, 2000
NAID 30003924010

Potential for the loss of self-incompatibility in pollen-limited populations of Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)

WHISLER S. L.
American Journal of Botany 79, 1273-1278, 1992
NAID 30020719059

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ポドフィルム属」「アメリカンマンドレーク」

「ポドフィルム属」

Mayapple
	Podophyllum peltatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Berberidaceae
Genus:	Podophyllum; L.
Binomial name
	Podophyllum peltatum; L.
Synonyms
	Anapodophyllum Moench; Anapodophyllum peltatum Moench;

　　[★]

ラ: Podophyllum
同: ポドフィルム、Podophyllum属
関: アメリカンマンドレーク、Podophyllum peltatum

下剤として用いる植物の一属

「アメリカンマンドレーク」

　　[★]

ラ: Podophyllum peltatum
関: ・ドフィルム

[1] 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen

[2] The Plant List, Podophyllum peltatum L.

[3] Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 505 in Latin

[4] Tropicos, Podophyllum L.

[h-5] Flora of North America, Vol. 3, Podophyllum Linnaeus

[6] "Podophyllum L.". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

[7] Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map

[8] Podophyllum peltatum at USDA PLANTS Database

[9] Watson, M.A. and five others. 2001. The developmental ecology of mycorrhizal associations in mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum, Berberidaceae. Evolutionary Ecology 15: 425-442.

[10] "Puccinia podophylli Schwein. Mayapple rust". Iowa State University, Ada Hayden Herbarium (ISC). Retrieved 2013-03-16.

[Fungimag-11] Bunyard, Britt A. 2013 "Mayapple Rust Resurrection" FUNGI 6(1): 38-39.

[Wild_Flowers:_An_Aid_to_Knowledge_of_our_Wild_Flowers_and_their_Insect_Visitors-12] Blanchan, Neltje (2002). Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.

[13] Moraes, R.M., H. Lata, E. Bedir, M. Maqbool, and K. Cushman. 2002. On American Mayapple as practical source of podophyllotoxin p. 527–532. In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.

[14] Brunton LL et al. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, chapter: 61. Cytotoxic agents/Epipodophyllotoxins Twelfth Edition ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8

[15] Lewis, W.H. and M.P.F. Elvin-Lewis. 1977. Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Man's Health. Wiley, New York. 515 p. p. 123-124.

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案内

Podophyllum peltatum