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respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants

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phencyclidine pill パラフェナスレン(強い幻覚剤)
肺炎

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/11/23 03:58:54」(JST)

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Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a form of pneumonia, caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.^[1]

Pneumocystis pneumonia is not commonly found in the lungs of healthy people, but, being a source of opportunistic infection, it can cause a lung infection in people with a weak immune system. Pneumocystis pneumonia is especially seen in people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, and the use of medications that suppress the immune system.

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of PCP include fever, non-productive cough (because sputum is too viscous to become productive), shortness of breath (especially on exertion), weight loss, and night sweats. There is usually not a large amount of sputum with PCP unless the patient has an additional bacterial infection. The fungus can invade other visceral organs (such as the liver, spleen, and kidney), but only in a minority of cases.

Pneumothorax is a well-known complication of PCP.^[2] An acute history of chest pain with breathlessness and diminished breath sounds is typical of pneumothorax.^{[citation needed]}

Disease course

The risk of PCP increases when CD4 positive T-cell levels are less than 200 cells/μL. In these immunosuppressed individuals the manifestations of the infection are highly variable.^[3] The disease attacks the interstitial, fibrous tissue of the lungs, with marked thickening of the alveolar septa and alveoli, leading to significant hypoxia which can be fatal if not treated aggressively. In this situation LDH levels increase and gas exchange is compromised. Oxygen is less able to diffuse into the blood, leading to hypoxia. Hypoxia, along with high arterial carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels, stimulates hyper-ventilatory effort, thereby causing dyspnea (breathlessness).

Diagnosis

X-ray of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. There is increased opacification (whiteness) in the lower lungs on both sides, characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumonia

The diagnosis can be confirmed by the characteristic appearance of the chest x-ray, which shows widespread pulmonary infiltrates, and an arterial oxygen level (PaO₂) that is strikingly lower than would be expected from symptoms. Gallium 67 scans are also useful in the diagnosis. They are abnormal in approximately 90% of cases and are often positive before the chest x-ray becomes abnormal. The diagnosis can be definitively confirmed by histological identification of the causative organism in sputum or bronchio-alveolar lavage (lung rinse). Staining with toluidine blue, silver stain, periodic-acid schiff stain, or an immunofluorescence assay will show the characteristic cysts.^[4] The cysts resemble crushed ping-pong balls and are present in aggregates of 2 to 8 (and not to be confused with Histoplasma or Cryptococcus, which typically do not form aggregates of spores or cells). A lung biopsy would show thickened alveolar septa with fluffy eosinophilic exudate in the alveoli. Both the thickened septa and the fluffy exudate contribute to dysfunctional diffusion capacity which is characteristic of this pneumonia.

Pneumocystis infection can also be diagnosed by immunofluorescent or histochemical staining of the specimen, and more recently by molecular analysis of polymerase chain reaction products comparing DNA samples. Notably, simple molecular detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in lung fluids does not mean that a person has Pneumocystis pneumonia or infection by HIV. The fungus appears to be present in healthy individuals in the general population.^[5]

Prevention and treatment

In immunocompromised patients, prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole),^[6] atovaquone, or regular pentamidine inhalations may help prevent PCP.

Antipneumocystic medication is used with concomitant steroids in order to avoid inflammation, which causes an exacerbation of symptoms about four days after treatment begins if steroids are not used. By far the most commonly used medication is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, but some patients are unable to tolerate this treatment due to allergies. Other medications that are used, alone or in combination, include pentamidine, trimetrexate, dapsone, atovaquone, primaquine, pafuramidine maleate (under investigation), and clindamycin. Treatment is usually for a period of about 21 days.

Pentamidine is less often used as its major limitation is the high frequency of side effects. These include acute pancreatic inflammation, kidney failure, liver toxicity, decreased white blood cell count, rash, fever, and low blood sugar.

Epidemiology

Pneumocystis jirovecii

The disease PCP is relatively rare in people with normal immune systems, but common among people with weakened immune systems, such as premature or severely malnourished children, the elderly, and especially persons living with HIV/AIDS (in whom it is most commonly observed).^[1]^[7] PCP can also develop in patients who are taking immunosuppressive medications. It can occur in patients who have undergone solid organ transplantation or bone marrow transplantation and after surgery.^[8] Infections with Pneumocystis pneumonia are also common in infants with hyper IgM syndrome, an X-linked or autosomal recessive trait.

The causative organism of PCP is distributed worldwide^[9] and Pneumocystis pneumonia has been described in all continents except Antarctica.^[9] Greater than 75% of children are seropositive by the age of 4, which suggests a high background exposure to the organism. A post-mortem study conducted in Chile of 96 persons who died of unrelated causes (suicide, traffic accidents, and so forth) found that 65 (68%) of them had pneumocystis in their lungs, which suggests that asymptomatic pneumocystis infection is extremely common.^[10]

Pneumocystis jirovecii was originally described as a rare cause of pneumonia in neonates. It is commonly believed to be a commensal organism (dependent upon its human host for survival). The possibility of person-to-person transmission has recently gained credence, with supporting evidence coming from many different genotyping studies of Pneumocystis jirovecii isolates from human lung tissue.^[11]^[12] For example, in one outbreak of 12 cases among transplant patients in Leiden, it was suggested as likely, but not proven, that human-to-human spread may have occurred.^[13]

PCP and AIDS

Since the start of the AIDS epidemic, PCP has been closely associated with AIDS. Because it only occurs in an immunocompromised host, it may be the first clue to a new AIDS diagnosis if the patient has no other reason to be immunocompromised (e.g. taking immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant). An unusual rise in the number of PCP cases in North America, noticed when physicians began requesting large quantities of the rarely used antibiotic pentamidine, was the first clue to the existence of AIDS in the early 1980s.^[14]^[15]

Prior to the development of more effective treatments, PCP was a common and rapid cause of death in persons living with AIDS. Much of the incidence of PCP has been reduced by instituting a standard practice of using oral co-trimoxazole (Bactrim / Septra) to prevent the disease in people with CD4 counts less than 200/μL. In populations that do not have access to preventive treatment, PCP continues to be a major cause of death in AIDS.^{[citation needed]}

Nomenclature

Both Pneumocystis pneumonia and pneumocystis pneumonia^[16] are orthographically correct; one uses the genus name per se and the other uses the common noun based on it. (This is the same reason, for example, why "group A Streptococcus" and "group A streptococcus" are both valid.) Synonyms for PCP include pneumocystosis^[16] (pneumocystis + -osis), pneumocystiasis^[16] (pneumocystis + -iasis), and interstitial plasma cell pneumonia.^[16]

The older species name Pneumocystis carinii (which now applies only to the Pneumocystis species that is found in rats^[17]) is still in common usage. As a result, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is also known as Pneumocystis jiroveci[i] pneumonia and (incorrectly) as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Regarding nomenclature, when the name of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) changed from P. carinii pneumonia to P. jirovecii pneumonia, it was at first felt that "PJP" should replace "PCP". However, because the term PCP was already used among physicians that managed patients with Pneumocystis infection, it was rationalized that the term PCP could continue to be used, as it could stand for PneumoCystis (jirovecii) Pneumonia.^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b Aliouat-Denis, C-M.; et al. (2008). "Pneumocystis species, co-evolution and pathogenic power". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 8 (5): 708–726. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.05.001. PMID 18565802.
^ Kanne JP1, Yandow DR, Meyer CA (June 2012). "Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia: high-resolution CT findings in patients with and without HIV infection". AJR American Journal of Roentgenology. 198 (6): W555–61. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.7329. PMID 22623570.
^ Hughes WT (1996). "Pneumocystis Carinii". In Barron S; et al. Barron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
^ "Supplementary Information: Microscopic appearance of Pneumocystis jiroveci from bronchial washings". Retrieved 5 June 2009.
^ Medrano FJ, Montes-Cano M, Conde M, et al. (February 2005). "Pneumocystis jirovecii in general population". Emerging Infect. Dis. 11 (2): 245–50. doi:10.3201/eid1102.040487. PMID 15752442.
^ Stern A, Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L (October 2014). "Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10 (CD005590). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005590.pub3. PMID 25269391.
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Puzio J, Kucewicz E, Sioła M, et al. (2009). "[Atypical and opportunistic pulmonary infections after cardiac surgery.]". Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia (in Polish). 41 (1): 41–5. PMID 19517677.
^ ^a ^b Morris A, Lundgren JD, Masur H, et al. (October 2004). "Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia". Emerging Infect. Dis. 10 (10): 1713–20. doi:10.3201/eid1010.030985. PMID 15504255.
^ Ponce CA, Gallo M, Bustamante R, Vargas SL (2010). "Pneumocystis colonization is highly prevalent in the autopsied lungs of the general population". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (3): 347–353. doi:10.1086/649868. PMID 20047487.
^ Schmoldt S, Schuhegger R, Wendler T, et al. (March 2008). "Molecular evidence of nosocomial Pneumocystis jirovecii transmission among 16 patients after kidney transplantation". J. Clin. Microbiol. 46 (3): 966–71. doi:10.1128/JCM.02016-07. PMC 2268360 . PMID 18216217.
^ Morris A, Beard CB, Huang L (January 2002). "Update on the epidemiology and transmission of Pneumocystis carinii". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 95–103. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01514-3. PMID 11825780.
^ de Boer M, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet L, Gaasbeek A, et al. (2007). "An outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia with 1 predominant genotypeamong renal transplant recipients: interhuman transmission or a common environmental source?". Clin Infect Dis. 44 (9): 1143–9. doi:10.1086/513198. PMID 17407029.
^ Fannin S, Gottlieb MS, Weisman JD, et al. (1982). "A Cluster of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual male residents of Los Angeles and Range Counties, California". MMWR Weekly. 31 (32): 305–7.
^ Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al. (10 December 1981). "An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia". N Engl J Med. 305 (24): 1431–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198112103052402. PMID 6975437.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.
^ Stringer JR, Beard CB, Miller RF, Wakefield AE (September 2002). "A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from humans". Emerging Infect. Dis. 8 (9): 891–6. doi:10.3201/eid0809.020096. PMC 2732539 . PMID 12194762.
^ Cushion MT (1998). "Ch. 34: Pneumocystis carinii". In Collier, L.; Balows, A.; Sussman, M. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections (9th ed.). New York: Arnold and Oxford Press. pp. 645–683.
^ Cushion MT (1998). "Taxonomy, genetic organization, and life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii". Semin. Respir. Infect. 13 (4): 304–312. PMID 9872627.
^ Cushion MT (2004). "Pneumocystis: unraveling the cloak of obscurity". Trends Microbiol. 12 (5): 243–9. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.03.005. PMID 15120144.
^ Stringer, James R.; Beard, Charles B.; Miller, Robert F.; Wakefield, Ann E. (Sep 2002). "A New Name for Pneumocystis from Humans and New Perspectives on the Host-Pathogen Relationship". Emerg Infect Dis. 8: 891–896. doi:10.3201/eid0809.020096. PMC 2732539 . PMID 12194762.

UpToDate Contents

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1. HIV感染患者におけるニューモシスチス感染症の臨床症状および診断 clinical presentation and diagnosis of pneumocystis infection in hiv infected patients
2. 非HIV感染患者におけるニューモシスチス肺炎の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia in non hiv infected patients
3. HIV感染患者におけるニューモシスチス感染の治療 treatment of pneumocystis infection in hiv infected patients
4. 非HIV感染患者におけるニューモシスチス肺炎の疫学、臨床症状、および診断 epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia in non hiv infected patients
5. HIV感染患者におけるニューモシスチス感染の予防 prophylaxis against pneumocystis infection in hiv infected patients

English Journal

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of pentamidine and analog in rat biological fluids.

Hambÿe S1, Helvenstein M1, Verdy L1, Kahvecioglu Z2, Conotte R2, Vanden Eynde JJ3, Colet JM2, Blankert B4.Author information 1Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium.2Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium.3Laboratory of Human Biology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium.4Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium. Electronic address: bertrand.blankert@umons.ac.be.AbstractPentamidine isethionate (PTMD) is an antiprotozoal agent used in different parasitic diseases as Human African Trypanosomiasis or Pneumocystis pneumonia. Given its side effects, numerous analogs are still under development worldwide. PTMD has been recently described having a potential activity in myotonic dystrophy (type 1). Here we present an UPLC method coupled to fluo or PDA detection for PTMD and one analog determination in rat plasma or urine. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Acquity UPLC(®) HSS T3 analytical column using a mobile phase combining formic acid 0.1% (v/v) and acetonitrile (ACN) at a constant flow rate of 0.4mL/min. Preliminary, an innovative μSPE (solid phase extraction) procedure using Oasis(®) WCX sorbent was processed and gave satisfying and reproducible results in terms of extraction yields. Additionally, the methods were successfully validated using the accuracy profiles approach (β=95% and acceptance limits=15%) over the ranges 2.88-287.52ng/mL and from 143.76ng/mL to 1.72μg/mL in rat plasma and urine for PTMD and for EBAB, from 4.23 to 423.39ng/mL and from 211.69ng/mL to 2.54μg/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The validated protocols were applied to a pharmacokinetic (PK) study on rats and permitted to point out some relevant PK parameters on PTMD and its studied analog.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2014 Jul;95:54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.02.002. Epub 2014 Feb 10.
Pentamidine isethionate (PTMD) is an antiprotozoal agent used in different parasitic diseases as Human African Trypanosomiasis or Pneumocystis pneumonia. Given its side effects, numerous analogs are still under development worldwide. PTMD has been recently described having a potential activity in my
PMID 24631957

Pneumocystis and Pneumocystosis: first meeting of experts from Latin-American and Portuguese-speaking countries - a mini-review.

Esteves F1, Medrano FJ, de Armas Y, Wissmann G, Calderón EJ, Matos O.Author information 1Grupo de Protozoários Oportunistas/VIH e Outros Protozoários, Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.AbstractPneumocystis e pneumocistose: 1 Encontro Ibero-americano e dos Países de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (Pneumocystis and Pneumocystosis: first meeting of experts from Latin-American and Portuguese-speaking countries) Lisbon, Portugal, 24-26 October 2013 The Pneumocystis and Pneumocystosis: first meeting of experts from Latin-American and Portuguese-speaking countries was held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 24-26 October 2013. A total of 20 speakers from Latin America, Africa and Europe participated in the meeting. The epidemiological studies presented in this meeting begin to change the misconception that since the AIDS epidemic, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) has become an infrequent disease, showing that today PcP remains a major opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients in both developed and developing countries and an emerging problem in immunocompromised patients without HIV infection worldwide. PcP management remains a challenge. Right now, the combination of caspofungin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a promising therapeutic approach that needs to be assessed in controlled clinical trials.
Expert review of anti-infective therapy.Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther.2014 May;12(5):545-8. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2014.894883. Epub 2014 Mar 11.
Pneumocystis e pneumocistose: 1 Encontro Ibero-americano e dos Países de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (Pneumocystis and Pneumocystosis: first meeting of experts from Latin-American and Portuguese-speaking countries) Lisbon, Portugal, 24-26 October 2013 The Pneumocystis and Pneumocystosis: first meeti
PMID 24617414

Pneumomediastinum in patients with AIDS: a case report and literature review.

Cheng WL1, Ko WC2, Lee NY1, Chang CM2, Lee CC1, Li MC1, Li CW3.Author information 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and Medical College, No. 138, Sheng Li Road, 704, Tainan, Taiwan; Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.2Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and Medical College, No. 138, Sheng Li Road, 704, Tainan, Taiwan; Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan.3Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and Medical College, No. 138, Sheng Li Road, 704, Tainan, Taiwan; Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan. Electronic address: li.cw29@gmail.com.AbstractOBJECTIVE: Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients. However, the relationship between the causative pathogens and the prognosis is unclear. We report the case of a patient with AIDS presenting with community-acquired pneumonia complicated by pneumomediastinum. The cases of a further 10 HIV-infected patients with pneumomediastinum reported in the English language literature are reviewed.
International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.Int J Infect Dis.2014 May;22C:31-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.009. Epub 2014 Mar 1.
OBJECTIVE: Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients. However, the relationship between the causative pathogens and the prognosis is unclear. We report the case of a patient with AIDS presenting with community-acquired pneumonia complicated by pneu
PMID 24589680

Japanese Journal

A Case of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome with Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia Detected in Health Check-up

Yuki Ohmoto-Sekine,Makiko Ishihara,Kazuhisa Amakawa [他],Hsieh Shiun Dong,Mitsuyo Hashimoto,Chikao Okuda,Hisahito Kato,Kyoko Ogawa,Maho Tanabe,Shigeko Hara,Takashi Yamamoto,Hiroshi Tsuji,Yasuji Arase
人間ドック : official journal of the Japanese Society of Human Dry Dock 26(6), 959-963, 2012
… We present a case report on a Japanese patient who had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). … He was found to have atypical bilateral pneumonia in a health check-up. …
NAID 130002147733

免疫低下状態における薬剤性肺障害と感染症の鑑別

大林王司,滝澤始
呼吸器内科 20(2), 169-172, 2011-08
NAID 40019010685

免疫不全ラットに肺炎をおこすラットのニューモシスチス・カリニの診断法の検討

薮内かおり,田島優,小谷祐子 [他],AIHARA Katsumi,KAWASAKI Aiko,KANEKO Shiro,TAKAGI Yasuhiro,KAWAI Sumiko,SHIOYA Kyoko,OKAMOTO Akira,KAGIYAMA Soichiro,KUROSAWA Tsutomu
Experimental Animals 59(2), 261-267, 2010
… In Pneumocystis infections, a specific histological diagnostic tool may be immunochemistry (IC). … However, it was recently reported that the antibody (3F6) was not suitable for detecting Pneumocystis in rats. … We could clinically diagnose pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii with the diagnostic method we developed. …
NAID 130000254356

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「pneumocystosis」「interstitial plasma cell pneumonia」「PCP」「carinii pneumonia」
関連記事	「carinii pneumonia」「carinii」「Pneumocystis」

「pneumocystosis」

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
	Pneumocystis jirovecii cysts from bronchoalveolar lavage, stained with Toluidine blue O stain
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Pulmonology
ICD-10	B59 ICD9 = 136.3
DiseasesDB	10160
MedlinePlus	000671
eMedicine	med/1850
MeSH	D011020
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

ニューモシスチス症、ニューモシスティス症

関: interstitial plasma cell pneumonia、Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia、Pneumocystis pneumonia

「interstitial plasma cell pneumonia」

　　[★]

間質形質細胞性肺炎

関: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia、Pneumocystis pneumonia、pneumocystosis

「PCP」

　　[★]

「carinii pneumonia」

　　[★]

カリニ肺炎、Pneumocystis carinii肺炎

関: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

「carinii pneumonia」

　　[★]

カリニ肺炎、Pneumocystis carinii肺炎

関: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

「carinii」

　　[★]

カリニ

Pneumocystis carinii

「Pneumocystis」

　　[★] ニューモシスチス属

[Aliouat-Denis_2008-1] Aliouat-Denis, C-M.; et al. (2008). "Pneumocystis species, co-evolution and pathogenic power". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 8 (5): 708–726. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.05.001. PMID 18565802.

[Kanne2012-2] Kanne JP1, Yandow DR, Meyer CA (June 2012). "Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia: high-resolution CT findings in patients with and without HIV infection". AJR American Journal of Roentgenology. 198 (6): W555–61. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.7329. PMID 22623570.

[3] Hughes WT (1996). "Pneumocystis Carinii". In Barron S; et al. Barron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.

[4] "Supplementary Information: Microscopic appearance of Pneumocystis jiroveci from bronchial washings". Retrieved 5 June 2009.

[Medrano_2005-5] Medrano FJ, Montes-Cano M, Conde M, et al. (February 2005). "Pneumocystis jirovecii in general population". Emerging Infect. Dis. 11 (2): 245–50. doi:10.3201/eid1102.040487. PMID 15752442.

[Stern2014-6] Stern A, Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L (October 2014). "Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10 (CD005590). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005590.pub3. PMID 25269391.

[Sherris-7] Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[pmid19517677-8] Puzio J, Kucewicz E, Sioła M, et al. (2009). "[Atypical and opportunistic pulmonary infections after cardiac surgery.]". Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia (in Polish). 41 (1): 41–5. PMID 19517677.

[Morris_2004-9] Morris A, Lundgren JD, Masur H, et al. (October 2004). "Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia". Emerging Infect. Dis. 10 (10): 1713–20. doi:10.3201/eid1010.030985. PMID 15504255.

[10] Ponce CA, Gallo M, Bustamante R, Vargas SL (2010). "Pneumocystis colonization is highly prevalent in the autopsied lungs of the general population". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (3): 347–353. doi:10.1086/649868. PMID 20047487.

[11] Schmoldt S, Schuhegger R, Wendler T, et al. (March 2008). "Molecular evidence of nosocomial Pneumocystis jirovecii transmission among 16 patients after kidney transplantation". J. Clin. Microbiol. 46 (3): 966–71. doi:10.1128/JCM.02016-07. PMC 2268360 . PMID 18216217.

[12] Morris A, Beard CB, Huang L (January 2002). "Update on the epidemiology and transmission of Pneumocystis carinii". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 95–103. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01514-3. PMID 11825780.

[13] Boer M, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet L, Gaasbeek A, et al. (2007). "An outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia with 1 predominant genotypeamong renal transplant recipients: interhuman transmission or a common environmental source?". Clin Infect Dis. 44 (9): 1143–9. doi:10.1086/513198. PMID 17407029.

[14] Fannin S, Gottlieb MS, Weisman JD, et al. (1982). "A Cluster of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual male residents of Los Angeles and Range Counties, California". MMWR Weekly. 31 (32): 305–7.

[15] Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al. (10 December 1981). "An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia". N Engl J Med. 305 (24): 1431–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198112103052402. PMID 6975437.

[Dorlands-16] Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.

[17] Stringer JR, Beard CB, Miller RF, Wakefield AE (September 2002). "A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from humans". Emerging Infect. Dis. 8 (9): 891–6. doi:10.3201/eid0809.020096. PMC 2732539 . PMID 12194762.

[Cushion_1998-18] Cushion MT (1998). "Ch. 34: Pneumocystis carinii". In Collier, L.; Balows, A.; Sussman, M. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections (9th ed.). New York: Arnold and Oxford Press. pp. 645–683.

[Cushion_1998b-19] Cushion MT (1998). "Taxonomy, genetic organization, and life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii". Semin. Respir. Infect. 13 (4): 304–312. PMID 9872627.

[Cushion_2004-20] Cushion MT (2004). "Pneumocystis: unraveling the cloak of obscurity". Trends Microbiol. 12 (5): 243–9. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.03.005. PMID 15120144.

[21] Stringer, James R.; Beard, Charles B.; Miller, Robert F.; Wakefield, Ann E. (Sep 2002). "A New Name for Pneumocystis from Humans and New Perspectives on the Host-Pathogen Relationship". Emerg Infect Dis. 8: 891–896. doi:10.3201/eid0809.020096. PMC 2732539 . PMID 12194762.

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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

WordNet

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Wikipedia preview

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Contents

Signs and symptoms

Disease course

Diagnosis

Prevention and treatment

Epidemiology

PCP and AIDS

Nomenclature

References

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

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★リンクテーブル★

「pneumocystosis」

「interstitial plasma cell pneumonia」

「PCP」

「carinii pneumonia」

「carinii pneumonia」

「carinii」

「Pneumocystis」

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Pneumocystis jirovecii cysts from bronchoalveolar lavage, stained with Toluidine blue O stain
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Pulmonology
ICD-10	B59 ICD9 = 136.3
DiseasesDB	10160
MedlinePlus	000671
eMedicine	med/1850
MeSH	D011020
[edit on Wikidata]