関: Piper、Piper nigrum

WordNet

tropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets (同)family Piperaceae, pepper family
type genus of the Piperaceae: large genus of chiefly climbing tropical shrubs (同)genus Piper

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/09 20:15:26」(JST)

The Piperaceae, also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 1,920 currently accepted species in 13 genera. The vast majority of peppers can be found within the two main genera: Piper (2000 species) and Peperomia (1600 species).^[2]

Members of the Piperaceae may be small trees, shrubs, or herbs. The distribution of this group is best described as pantropical.

The most well-known species is Piper nigrum, which yields most peppercorns that are used as spices, including black pepper, although its relatives in the family include many other spices.^[3]

Etymology

The name Piperaceae is likely derived from the Sanskrit term pippali, which was used to describe long peppers (like those of Piper longum).

Taxonomy

The APG III system of 2009 recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Piperales in the unranked clade magnoliids.^[1] The family consists of five genera: Piper, Peperomia, Zippelia, Manekia, and Verhuellia. The previously recognised Pacific genus Macropiper, was recently merged into Piper.^[4] A tentative cladogram showing relationships based on Wanke et al. (2007)^[5] is shown below. This phylogeny was based on 6000 basepairs of chloroplast DNA. Only recently has it become clear that Verhuellia is sister to the other four genera in the family.^[6]

Verhuellia

	Zippelia

	Manekia

	Piper

	Peperomia

Characteristics

Members of pepper family are small trees, shrubs, or perennial or annual herbs.

Roots and stems

Plants are often rhizomatous, and can be terrestrial or epiphytic. The stems can be either simple or branched.

Leaves

Leaves are simple with entire margins, and are positioned at the base of the plant or along the stem, and can be alternate, opposite, or whorled in arrangement. Stipules are usually present, as are petioles. The leaves are often noticeably aromatic when crushed.

Flowers

Inflorescences (in the form of spikes) are terminal, opposite the leaves, or located in the axils. Flowers are bisexual, with no perianth, each flower is subtended by a peltate bract. Stamens are 2-6, and hypogynous, with 2-locular anthers. There are usually 3-4 stigmas attached to a single pistil per flower, which is 1 or 3-4 carpellate. The ovary is 1 locular, and superior.

Fruits and seeds

Fruits are drupelike, with a single seed per fruit. The seeds have a minute embryo, and mealy perisperm.^[7]

Genera

Subfamily Verhuellioideae Samain & Wanke

Verhuellia Miquel 1843 (three species)

Subfamily Zippelioideae Samain & Wanke

Zippellia Blume 1830 (one species)
Manekia Trelease 1927 (six species)

Subfamily Piperoideae Arnott

Piper Linnaeus 1753 (about 2000 species)
Peperomia Ruiz & Pavon 1794 (about 1600 species)

References

^ ^a ^b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
^ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Version 9, June 2008 http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html
^ Ravindran PN. 2000 Black Pepper, Piper nigrum. Harwood Acadiic, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 553 p.
^ Wanke, S., Jaramillo, M.A., Borsch, T., Samain, M.-T., Quandt, D., and Neinhuis, C. (2007) Evolution of Piperales—matK gene and trnK intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Mol. Phy. Evol. 42: 477-497.
^ Wanke, S., Vanderschaeve, L., Mathieu, G., Neinhuis, C., Goetghebeur, P., and Samain, M.S. (2007) From Forgotten Taxon to a Missing Link? The Position of the Genus Verhuellia (Piperaceae) Revealed by Molecules. Annals of Botany, 99: 1231-1238.
^ Samain et al. (2010) Verhuellia is a segregate lineage in Piperaceae: more evidence from flower, fruit and pollen morphology, anatomy and development. Annals of Botany, 105.
^ Boufford, D.E. (1997)). Flora of North America - Piperaceae. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10692l

External links

Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
Piperaceae at the DELTA Online Families of Flowering Plants
Piperaceae at the online Flora of North America
Piperaceae at the online Flora of China
Piperaceae at the online Flora of Zimbabwe
Piperaceae at the NCBI Taxonomy Browser
Piperaceae at the online Piperaceae in Thailand

Media related to Piperaceae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Piperaceae at Wikispecies

English Journal

Muscodor albus MOW12 an Endophyte of Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) Collected from North East India Produces Volatile Antimicrobials.

Banerjee D1, Pandey A1, Jana M1, Strobel G2.Author information 1Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721 102 West Bengal India.2Department of Plant Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT USA.AbstractMuscodor albus MOW12, an endophytic fungus isolated from Piper nigrum in Mawlong, Meghalaya, India, resembles some cultural and hyphal characteristics of previous isolates of Muscodor sp. In addition, it possesses about 99 % similarity in its ITS rDNA with other M. albus isolates and thus is nicely centered within the genetic tree to other Muscodor spp. This xylariaceae fungus effectively inhibits and kills certain plant pathogenic fungi by virtue of a mixture of volatile compounds that it produces. The majority of these compounds were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as small molecular weight esters, alcohols, and acids. The main ester components of this isolate of M. albus in its volatile mixture are acetic acid, ethyl ester; propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester and acetic acid, 2-methylpropyl ester. This appears to be the first report of any M. albus strain from India.
Indian journal of microbiology.Indian J Microbiol.2014 Mar;54(1):27-32. doi: 10.1007/s12088-013-0400-5. Epub 2013 Mar 31.
Muscodor albus MOW12, an endophytic fungus isolated from Piper nigrum in Mawlong, Meghalaya, India, resembles some cultural and hyphal characteristics of previous isolates of Muscodor sp. In addition, it possesses about 99 % similarity in its ITS rDNA with other M. albus isolates and thus is nicely
PMID 24426163

Antiherbivore Prenylated Benzoic Acid Derivatives from Piper kelleyi.

Jeffrey CS, Leonard MD, Glassmire AE, Dodson CD, Richards LA, Kato MJ, Dyer LA.Author information Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno , Reno, Nevada 89557, United States.AbstractThe known prenylated benzoic acid derivative 3-geranyl-4-hydroxy-5-(3″,3″-dimethylallyl)benzoic acid (1) and two new chromane natural products were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Piper kelleyi Tepe (Piperaceae), a midcanopy tropical shrub that grows in lower montane rain forests in Ecuador and Peru. Structure determination using 1D and 2D NMR analysis led to the structure of the chromene 2 and to the reassignment of the structure of cumanensic acid as 4, an isomeric chromene previously isolated from Piper gaudichaudianum. The structure and relative configuration of new chromane 3 was determined using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis and was found to be racemic by ECD spectropolarimetry. The biological activity of 1-3 was evaluated against a lab colony of the generalist caterpillar Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae), and low concentrations of 2 and 3 were found to significantly reduce fitness. Further consideration of the biosynthetic relationship of the three compounds led to the proposal that 1 is converted to 2 via an oxidative process, whereas 3 is produced through hetero-[4+2] dimerization of a quinone methide derived from the chromene 2.
Journal of natural products.J Nat Prod.2014 Jan 14. [Epub ahead of print]
The known prenylated benzoic acid derivative 3-geranyl-4-hydroxy-5-(3″,3″-dimethylallyl)benzoic acid (1) and two new chromane natural products were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Piper kelleyi Tepe (Piperaceae), a midcanopy tropical shrub that grows in lower montane rain f
PMID 24422717

Evaluation of acute toxicity, antibacterial activity, and mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Piper umbellatum L.

da Silva IF Jr1, de Oliveira RG1, Mendes Soares I2, da Costa Alvim T2, Donizeti Ascêncio S3, de Oliveira Martins DT4.Author information 1Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Coxipó, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil.2Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Food Engineering, Agroenergy Undergraduate Program, Av. NS 15, Block number III, 26 Room, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil.3Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Food Engineering, Agroenergy Undergraduate Program, Av. NS 15, Block number III, 26 Room, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil; Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Medicine, Av. NS15, BALA Block, 11 C Room, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil.4Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Coxipó, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil.. Electronic address: domingos.tabajara@pq.cnpq.br.AbstractETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Piper umbellatum L., Piperaceae, is a shrub that grows up to 3m high. It is commonly known as "capeba" or "pariparoba" in Brazil. Tea prepared using the leaves of this plant is employed in the treatment of infections and inflammatory processes in different countries. Approximately 50 compounds, notably from the flavonoid, alkaloid, terpene, and sterol classes, have been isolated from the leaves of Piper umbellatum. To evaluate the acute toxicity, antibacterial activity, and mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Piper umbellatum leaves (HEPu).
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2014 Jan 10;151(1):137-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.011. Epub 2013 Nov 1.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Piper umbellatum L., Piperaceae, is a shrub that grows up to 3m high. It is commonly known as "capeba" or "pariparoba" in Brazil. Tea prepared using the leaves of this plant is employed in the treatment of infections and inflammatory processes in different countries.
PMID 24189034

Japanese Journal

Synthesis of (.+-.)-8-Deisopropyladunctin B

Nomura Sayo,Arimitsu Kenji,Yamaguchi Satoshi [他],Kosuga Yuya,Kakimoto Yuko,Komai Takanori,Hasegawa Kazumasa,Nakanishi Akira,Miyoshi Tamami,Iwasaki Hiroki,Ozeki Minoru,Kawasaki Ikuo,Kurume Ai,Ohta Shunsaku,Yamashita Masayuki
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 60(1), 94-103, 2012
… (±)-8-Deisopropyladunctin B, the deisopropyl form of adunctin B, which was isolated from the leaves of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) collected in Papua New Guinea, was synthesized in 0.77% overall yield in 17 steps from 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin-3-carboxylate. …
NAID 130001852353

A New Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2 Inhibitory Pyrrolinone Alkaloid from Roots and Stems of Piper sarmentosum

Bokesch Heidi Rose,Gardella Roberta Scott,Rabe Daniel Christopher,Bottaro Donald Paul,Linehan William Marston,McMahon James Brislin,McKee Tawnya Carlene
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 59(9), 1178-1179, 2011
A new trimethoxycinnamoyl-2-pyrrolinone alkaloid, langkamide (1), along with the known compounds piplartine (2) and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (3) were isolated from the roots and stems of the shru …
NAID 130001852322

Antinociceptive properties of conocarpan and orientin obtained from Piper solmsianum C. DC. var. solmsianum (Piperaceae)

Da Silva Rosi Zanoni,Yunes Rosendo Augusto,de Souza Marcia Maria [他],MONACHE Franco Delle,CECHINEL-FILHO Valdir
Journal of natural medicines 64(4), 402-408, 2010-11-20
NAID 10027710296

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Piper」「コショウ科」「Piper nigrum」

「Piper」

Piperaceae
	Piper nigrum, from Koehler (1887)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Magnoliids
Order:	Piperales
Family:	Piperaceae; Giseke

コショウ科; （クロンキスト体系）
	コショウ
分類
学名
	Piperaceae; Giseke (1792)
属
	本文参照

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コショウ属、ピペル属、Piper属

関: Piper nigrum、Piperaceae

「コショウ科」

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ラ: Piperaceae
関: コショウ、コショウ属

「Piper nigrum」

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コショウ

関: pepper、Piper、Piperaceae

[1] Piperaceae and Peperomiaceae in Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 29th July 2006

[APGIII2009-1] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.

[Stevens-2] Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Version 9, June 2008 http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html

[Ravindran-3] Ravindran PN. 2000 Black Pepper, Piper nigrum. Harwood Acadiic, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 553 p.

[Wanke_et_al._a-4] Wanke, S., Jaramillo, M.A., Borsch, T., Samain, M.-T., Quandt, D., and Neinhuis, C. (2007) Evolution of Piperales—matK gene and trnK intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Mol. Phy. Evol. 42: 477-497.

[Wanke_et_al._b-5] Wanke, S., Vanderschaeve, L., Mathieu, G., Neinhuis, C., Goetghebeur, P., and Samain, M.S. (2007) From Forgotten Taxon to a Missing Link? The Position of the Genus Verhuellia (Piperaceae) Revealed by Molecules. Annals of Botany, 99: 1231-1238.

[Samain_et_al.-6] Samain et al. (2010) Verhuellia is a segregate lineage in Piperaceae: more evidence from flower, fruit and pollen morphology, anatomy and development. Annals of Botany, 105.

[Boufford-7] Boufford, D.E. (1997)). Flora of North America - Piperaceae. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10692l

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